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PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF AN ARGUMENT 1 Argument: An Introduction What Do We Mean by Argument? Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit JUAN LUCAS (STUDENT), “An Argument Against Banning Phthalates” A student opposes a ban on a chemical that makes toys soft and flexible. The Defining Features of Argument Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims Argument Is Both a Process and a Product Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion Argument and the Problem of Truth Conclusion 2 Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring Finding Issues to Explore Do Some Initial Brainstorming Be Open to the Issues All around You Explore Ideas by Freewriting Explore Ideas by Idea Mapping Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game Reading Texts Rhetorically Genres of Argument Authorial Purpose and Audience Determining Degree of Advocacy Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims JAMES SUROWIECKI, “The Pay Is Too Damn Low” An American journalist argues for an increased federally mandated minimum wage combined with government policies to promote job growth and ensure a stable safety net for the poor. Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views Reading to Doubt Thinking Dialectically MICHAEL SALTSMAN, “To Help the Poor, Move Beyond ‘Minimum’ Gestures” The chief economist for the Employment Policy Institute opposes an increased minimum wage, arguing that it does nothing for the jobless poor and will in fact lead to increased joblessness. Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking Conclusion Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or a Formal Exploratory Essay Reading TRUDIE MAKENS (STUDENT), “Should Fast-Food Workers Be Paid $15 per Hour?” Examining articles by Surowiecki, Saltsman, and others, a student narrates the evolution of her thinking as she researches the issue of minimum wage. PART TWO: WRITING AN ARGUMENT 3 The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons The Classical Structure of Argument Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question How to Identify an Issue Question Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument Pseudo-Arguments: Committed Believers and Fanatical Skeptics A Closer Look at Pseudo-Arguments: The Lack of Shared Assumptions Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons What Is a Reason? Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses Conclusion Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements 4 The Logical Structure of Arguments An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an Argument? Formal Logic versus Real-World Logic The Role of Assumptions The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme The Power of Audience-Based Reasons Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System Using Toulmin’s Schema to Plan and Test Your Argument Hypothetical Example: Cheerleaders as Athletes Extended Student Example: Girls and Violent Video Games CARMEN TIEU (STUDENT), “Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls” A student argues that playing violent video games helps girls gain insight into male culture. The Thesis-Governed “Self-Announcing” Structure of Classical Argument Conclusion A Note on the Informal Fallacies Writing Assignment: Plan of an Argument’s Details 5 Using Evidence Effectively Kinds of Evidence The Persuasive Use of Evidence Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence Establish a Trustworthy Ethos Be Mindful of a Source’s Distance from Original Data Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence Examining Visual Arguments: Angle of Vision Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Supporting-Reasons Argument 6 Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Logos, Ethos, and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions Use Concrete Language Use Specific Examples and Illustrations Use Narratives Use Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments Using Images to Appeal to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Examining Visual Arguments: Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and kairos How Audience-Based Reasons Appeal to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos Conclusion Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons 7 Responding to Objections and Alternative Views One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument Summarizing Opposing Views Refuting Opposing Views Strategies for Rebutting Evidence Conceding to Opposing Views Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy TRUDIE MAKENS (STUDENT), “Bringing Dignity to Workers: Make the Minimum Wage a Living Wage” A student writer refutes three arguments against increasing the minimum wage. Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument Creating a Dialogic Argument with a Delayed Thesis ROSS DOUTHAT, “Islam in Two Americas” A conservative columnist asks readers to explore aspects of American identity that suggest that Muslims should not build a community center near Ground Zero. Writing a Delayed-Thesis Argument A More Open-Ended Approach: Rogerian Communication Rogerian Communication as Growth for the Writer Rogerian Communication as Collaborative Negotiation Writing Rogerian Communication COLLEEN FONTANA (STUDENT), “An Open Letter to Robert Levy in Response to His Article ‘They Never Learn’ ” Using the strategies of Rogerian argument, a student writes an open letter about the problem of gun violence on college campuses to an advocate of minimal gun control laws and more guns. Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Rogerian Letter Readings LAUREN SHINOZUKA (STUDENT), “The Dangers of Digital Distractedness” (A Classical Argument) Using the classical argument form, a student writer argues that being a skilled digi-tal native also “harms us by promoting an unproductive habit of multitasking, by dehumanizing our relationships, and by encouraging a distorted self-image.” MONICA ALLEN (STUDENT), “An Open Letter to Christopher Eide in Response to His Article ‘High-Performing Charter Schools Can Close the Opportunity Gap’ ” (RogerianCommunication) Using the strategies of Rogerian communication, a student writer skeptical about charter schools initiates dialogue with a charter school advocate on ways to improve education for low-income and minority students. PART THREE: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS 8. Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically Thinking Rhetorically about a Text Questions for Rhetorical Analysis Conducting a Rhetorical Analysis KATHRYN JEAN LOPEZ, “Egg Heads” Writing for the conservative magazine National Review, Kathryn Jean Lopez argues against the emerging practice of egg donation enabled by new reproductive technology. Our Own Rhetorical Analysis of “Egg Heads” Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis Readings ELLEN GOODMAN, “Womb for Rent—For a Price” Columnist Ellen Goodman explores the ethical dilemmas created when first-world couples “outsource” motherhood to third-world women. ZACHARY STUMPS (STUDENT), “A Rhetorical Analysis of Ellen Goodman’s ‘Womb for Rent—For a Price’ ” A student analyzes Ellen Goodman’s rhetorical strategies in “Womb for Rent,” emphasizing her delayed-thesis structure and her use of language with double meanings. 9 Analyzing Visual Arguments Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument Use of Type Use of Space or Layout An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements Use of Color Use of Images and Graphics An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images The Genres of Visual Argument Posters and Fliers Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements Cartoons Web Pages Constructing Your Own Visual Argument Guidelines for Creating Visual Arguments Using Information Graphics in Arguments How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories Using a Graph to Tell a Story Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument Conclusion Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Visual Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Data 207 PART FOUR: ARGUMENTS IN DEPTH: TYPES OF CLAIMS 10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims The Types of Claims and Their Typical Patterns of Development Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example Writer 1: Ban E-Cigarettes Writer 2: Promote E-Cigarettes as a Preferred Alternative to Real Cigarettes Writer 3: Place No Restrictions on E-Cigarettes Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument ALEX HUTCHINSON, “Pounding Pills: Your Daily Multivitamin May Be Doing More Harm Than Good” Writing for an outdoor sports magazine targeting health and fitness enthusiasts, a journalist reviews the scientific literature against daily multivitamins and other supplements. 11 Definition and Resemblance Arguments What Is at Stake in a Categorical Argument? Consequences Resulting from Categorical Claims The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way Types of Categorical Arguments Simple Categorical Arguments Definition Arguments Resemblance Argument Using Analogy Resemblance Arguments Using Precedent Examining Visual Arguments: Claim about Category (Definition) The Criteria-Match Structure of Definition Arguments Overview of Criteria-Match Structure Toulmin Framework for a Definition Argument Creating Criteria Using Aristotelian Definition Creating Criteria Using an Operational Definition Conducting the Match Part of a Definition Argument Idea-Generating Strategies for Creating Your Own Criteria-Match Argument Strategy 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term Strategy 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition Writing Assignment: A Definition Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Definition Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Definition Argument Readings ARTHUR KNOPF (STUDENT), “Is Milk a Health Food?” A student argues that milk, despite its reputation for promoting calcium-rich bones, may not be a health food. ALEX MULLEN (STUDENT), “A Pirate But Not a Thief: What Does ‘Stealing’ Mean in a Digital Environment?” A student argues that his act of piracy—downloading a film from a file- sharing torrent site—is not stealing because it deprives no one of property or profit. LOS ANGELES TIMES EDITORIAL BOARD, “College Football—Yes, It’s a Job” The Editorial Board of the Los Angeles Times supports a court decision that scholarship football players at Northwestern University are “paid employees” of the university and therefore have the right to unionize. 12 Causal Arguments An Overview of Causal Arguments Kinds of Causal Arguments Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning Examining Visual Arguments: A Causal Claim Key Terms and Inductive Fallacies in Causal Arguments Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Causal Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument Readings JULEE CHRISTIANSON (STUDENT), “Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong: Culture Rather Than Biology Explains the Underrepresentation of Women in Science and Mathematics” (APA-format research paper) A student writer disagrees with Harvard president Lawrence Summers’s claim that genetic factors may account for fewer women than men holding professorships in math and science at prestige universities. DEBORAH FALLOWS, “Papa, Don’t Text: The Perils of Distracted Parenting” Linguist Deborah Fallows argues in The Atlantic that by texting and talking on cell phones instead of interacting with their young children adults are jeopardizing their children’s language learning. CARLOS MACIAS (STUDENT), “‘The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!’—The Credit Card Industry’s Role in Causing Student Debt” A student writer examines the causes of college students’ credit card debt and puts the blame on the exploitive practices of the credit card industry. 13 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments An Overview of Categorical Ethical Evaluation Arguments Constructing a Categorical Evaluation Argument Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations Developing Your Criteria Making Your Match Argument Examining Visual Arguments: An Evaluation Claim Constructing an Ethical Evaluation Argument Consequences as the Base of Ethics Principles as the Base of Ethics Example Ethical Arguments Examining Capital Punishment Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument Exploring Ideas 290 Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing an Evaluation Argument Questioning and Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument Critiquing an Ethical Argument Readings LORENA MENDOZA-FLORES (STUDENT), “Silenced and Invisible: Problems of Hispanic Students at Valley High School” A physics major critiques her former high school for marginalizing its growing numbers of Hispanic students. CHRISTOPHER MOORE (STUDENT), “Information Plus Satire: Why The Daily Show and The Colbert Report Are Good Sources of News for Young People” A student favorably evaluates The Daily Show and The Colbert Report as news sources by arguing that they keep us up to date on major world events and teach us to read the news rhetorically. JUDITH DAAR AND EREZ ALONI, “Three Genetic Parents—For One Healthy Baby” Lawyers specializing in medical research argue that mitochondrial replacement (which enables a child to inherit DNA from three parents) “might be a way to prevent hundreds of mitochondrial-linked diseases, which affect about one in 5, people.” SAMUEL AQUILA, “The ‘Therapeutic Cloning’ of Human Embryos” A Catholic archbishop finds therapeutic cloning “heinous,” despite its potential health benefits, “because the process is intended to create life, exploit it, and then destroy it.” 14 Proposal Arguments The Special Features and Concerns of Proposal Arguments Practical Proposals versus Policy Proposals Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments Examining Visual Arguments: A Proposal Claim Developing a Proposal Argument Convincing Your Readers that a Problem Exists Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal Convincing Your Readers that the Benefits of Your Proposal Outweigh the Costs Using Heuristic Strategies to Develop Supporting Reasons for Your Proposal The “Claim Types” Strategy The “Stock Issues” Strategy Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument Exploring Ideas Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake Organizing a Proposal Argument Designing a One-Page Advocacy Poster or Advertisement Designing PowerPoint Slides or Other Visual Aids for a Speech Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument Readings MEGAN JOHNSON (STUDENT), “A Proposal to Allow Off-Campus Purchases with a University Meal Card” A student writes a practical proposal urging her university’s administration to allow off-campus use of meal cards as a way of increasing gender equity and achieving other benefits. IVAN SNOOK (STUDENT), “Flirting with Disaster: An Argument Against Integrating Women into the Combat Arms” (MLA-format research paper) A student writer and Marine veteran returned from combat duty in Iraq argues that women should not serve in combat units because the inevitable sexual friction undermines morale and endangers soldiers’ lives. SAVE-BEES.ORG, “SAVE THE BEES ADVOCACY AD” An organization devoted to saving bees calls for support for a moratorium on the use of certain chemical pesticides that are deadly to bees. SANDY WAINSCOTT (STUDENT), “Why McDonald’s Should Sell Meat and Veggie Pies: A Proposal to End Subsidies for Cheap Meat” (speech with PowerPoint slides) A student proposes the end of subsidies for cheap meat for the benefit of both people’s health and the environment. MARCEL DICKE AND ARNOLD VAN HUIS, “The Six-Legged Meat of the Future” Two Dutch entomologists argue that insects are a nutritious and tasty form of protein and less environmentally harmful than cattle, pigs, or chickens. PART FIVE: THE RESEARCHED ARGUMENT 15 Finding and Evaluating Sources Formulating a Research Question Instead of a “Topic” Thinking Rhetorically about Kinds of Sources Identifying Kinds of Sources Relevant to Your Question Approaching Sources Rhetorically Finding Sources Conducting Interviews Gathering Source Data from Surveys or Questionnaires Finding Books and Reference Sources Using Licensed Databases to Find Articles in Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and News Sources Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web Selecting and Evaluating Your Sources Reading with Rhetorical Awareness Evaluating Sources Taking Purposeful Notes Conclusion 16 Incorporating Sources into Your Own Argument Using Sources for Your Own Purposes Writer 1: A Causal Argument Showing Alternative Approaches to Reducing Risk of Alcoholism Writer 2: A Proposal Argument Advocating Vegetarianism Writer 3: An Evaluation Argument Looking Skeptically at Vegetarianism Using Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation Summarizing Paraphrasing Quoting Punctuating Quotations Correctly Quoting a Complete Sentence Quoting Words and Phrases Modifying a Quotation Omitting Something from a Quoted Passage Quoting Something That Contains a Quotation Using a Block Quotation for a Long Passage Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags Attributive Tags versus Parenthetical Citations Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response Avoiding Plagiarism Why Some Kinds of Plagiarism May Occur Unwittingly Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Conclusion 374 17 Citing and Documenting Sources The Correspondence between In-Text Citations and the End-of-Paper List of Cited Works MLA Style In-Text Citations in MLA Style Works Cited List in MLA Style Works Cited Citation Models MLA-Style Research Paper APA Style In-Text Citations in APA Style References List in APA Style References Citation Models APA-Style Research Paper Conclusion Appendix Informal Fallacies The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument An Overview of Informal Fallacies Fallacies of Pathos Fallacies of Ethos Fallacies of Logos PART SIX: AN ANTHOLOGY OF ARGUMENTS The Future of Food and Farming ARTHUR L. CAPLAN, “Genetically Modified Food: Good, Bad, Ugly” A professor of bioethics defends genetic engineering but takes the biotech companies to task for their mismanagement of the technology. ROBIN MATHER, “The Threats from Genetically Modified Foods” A food columnist outlines the concerns about and consequences of using GMOs. MICHAEL LE PAGE, “Wrong-Headed Victory” A writer argues that when biotech companies fight labelling efforts they only fuel consumer suspicion and delay promising research. JOHN HAMBROCK, “Harley, I’m Worried About Gene Transfer” (editorial cartoon) A cartoonist imagines how GMO plants might cross-pollinate with unmodified strains. JOE MOHR, “Monsanto’s Reasons for Fighting GMO Labeling? It Loves You” A cartoonist satirizes the biotech companies’ arguments against labelling of GM foods. CAITLIN FLANAGAN, “Cultivating Failure” A journalist questions the value of school gardens as an educational tool, focusing particularly on the effects for Hispanic and low-income students. BONNIE HULKOWER, “A Defense of School Gardens and Response to Caitlin Flanagan’s ‘Cultivating Failure’ in The Atlantic” A marine scientist and environmental planner performs a rhetorical analysis of Flanagan and refutes her claims. TOM PHILPOTT, “Thoughts on The Atlantic’s Attack on School Gardens” A food and agriculture columnist reflects on school gardens as a teaching tool, and disagrees with Flanagan’s conclusions. JESSE KURTZ-NICHOLL, “Atlantic Gets It Wrong!: School Gardens Cultivate Minds Not Failure A former high school teacher with a Master’s in Public Health disputes Flanagan’s claims about access to healthy food and the need for food education. Higher Education: How and Why We Learn Matters REBECCA MEAD, “Learning by Degrees” A New Yorker staff writer acknowledges the appeal of skipping college to pursue financial success, but also questions economic advancement as the sole reason for attending college. KEN SAXON, “What Do You Do with a B.A. in History? An entrepreneur and leader in the nonprofit sector speaks to freshmen at UC Santa Barbara about the value of a liberal arts education. AARON BADY, “The MOOC Moment and the End of Reform” A postdoctoral fellow interrogates the hype surrounding MOOCs and the wisdom of integrating them into a university education. SCOTT NEWSTOK, “A Plea for ‘Close Learning’ ” An English professor argues for the value of face-to-face interactive learning. DAVE BLAZEK, “Melissa Misunderstands Massive Open Online Courses” (editorial cartoon) A cartoonist humorously illustrates one of the drawbacks of MOOCs. CHRISSIE LONG, “The Changing Face of Higher Education: The Future of the Traditional University Experience” Recognizing that the traditional classroom won’t disappear, a writer argues for the benefits and transformative potential of MOOCs, particularly, the opportunities they offer learners in developing countries. Immigration in the Twenty-First Century FATEMEH FAKHRAIE, “Scarfing It Down” A media critic argues that coverage of countries’ attempts to ban the wearing of hijab distorts the issue by labeling it a religious freedom issue and by leaving out the voices of the women themselves. STEPHANIE PAULSELL, “Veiled Voices” A professor at Harvard Divinity School addresses Muslim women’s varying reasons for wearing hijab. MADELINE ZAVODNY, “Unauthorized Immigrant Arrivals Are on the Rise, and That’s Good News” An economics professor reads the number of illegal immigrants as an economic index and argues for reforms for immigrant workers’ visas over governmental spending on increased border security. CHIP BOK, “Processing Undocumented Children” (editorial cartoon) An editorial cartoonist comments on the difference in the handling of undocumented children in 2 and in 2014. MARK KRIKORIAN, “DREAM On” The executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies details the flaws he sees in the DREAM Act and other amnesty legislation. LEE HABEEB AND MIKE LEVEN, “Immigration, America’s Advantage” A columnist and a businessman team up to advocate for the benefits of maintaining an immigrant workforce. JOHN K. KAVANAUGH, “Amnesty?” A Roman Catholic priest and philosophy professor asks anti-immigration groups to see the human face of undocumented immigrants and to support a path to amnesty. LOS ANGELES TIMES, “Young, Alone, and in Court” The editors of the Los Angeles Times argue for a multinational, humanitarian response to the issue of child migrants and a better process for handling unaccompanied children in the U.S. immigration system. NATIONAL REVIEW, “Border Crisis in Texas” The editors of the National Review blame the Obama administration’s amnesty policies for the surge in illegal-immigrant children. Millennials Entering Adulthood KATHRYN TYLER, “The Tethered Generation” A writer analyzes how technology has affected the way Millennials work and communicate, and proposes management strategies for employers. ERIN BURNS, “Millennials and Mentoring: Why I’m Calling Out ‘Bullpucky!’ on Generational Differences and Professional Development” A young professional refutes the assumption that her generation requires “special handling” in the workplace. AMERICA, “Generation S” The editors of a Catholic weekly magazine argue that the spirit of service instilled in the current generation of students should be modeled by all Americans. RAFFI WINEBURG, “Lip Service Useless for Millenials” A recent graduate reflects on the challenges facing Millennials as they enter the workforce and calls for more constructive treatment of them. KAY S. HYMOWITZ, “Where Have the Good Men Gone?” The author of Manning Up: How the Rise of Women Has Turned Men into Boys claims that too many men in their twenties have succumbed to a new kind of extended adolescence. EVE TUSHNET, “You Can Go Home Again” A writer challenges the stigma faced by young adults who move back in with their parents. Choices for a Sustainable World MARK A. DELUCCHI AND MARK Z. JACOBSON, “Meeting the World’s Energy Needs Entirely with Wind, Water, and Solar Power” A research scientist and an engineering professor propose a combination of wind, water, and solar power as the best alternative to fossil fuels, and explain how the transition can be made quickly and cost effectively. ASHUTOSH JOGALEKAR, “Vaclav Smil: ‘The Great Hope for a Quick and Sweeping Transition to Renewable Energy Is Wishful Thinking” A science blogger uses Vaclav Smil’s research to argue that substantial obstacles still stand in the way of the widespread conversion to renewable energy. U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, “The U.S. Energy Story in Numbers: Energy Supply and Disposition by Type of Fuel, 1975–2010” Statistics gathered by a U.S. agency tell a wealth of stories about U.S. energy production and consumption. ROBERTY BRYCE, “The Real Energy Revolution Shrinking Carbon Dioxide Emissions? It’s Fracking” A writer from a conservative think tank maintains that fracking has enabled the United States to make greater strides than other nations in reducing its emissions, and at a lower cost. ABRAHM LUSTGARTEN, “Fracking: A Key to Energy Independence?” An investigative journalist questions the speed with which the U.S. and other nations have embraced fracking. JASON POWERS, “The Problem Is the Solution: Cultivating New Traditions Through Permaculture” An activist argues that developing a sustainable approach to using resources is critical to the survival of a culture. VANDANA SHIVA, “The Soil vs. the Sensex” An environmental activist sets the interests of the small farmer against those of the Sensex, India’s stock exchange. Digital Literacies AN INTERVIEW WITH SHERRY TURKLE, Digital Demands: The Challenges of Constant Connectivity In an interview on PBS’s Frontline, scholar and researcher Sherry Turkle suggests that constant connectivity may make us more lonely and less inclined to find stillness or think deeply about “complicated things.” ALISON GOPNIK, “Diagnosing the Digital Revolution: Why It’s So Hard to Tell if It’s Really Changing Us” A professor and expert in child learning and development suggests that claims for the negative impact of technology on young people may be overstated. MARY ANN HARLAN, “Deconstructing Digital Natives” In this scholarly article, a teacher and librarian makes the distinction between tech-nological savvy and digital literacy. SUSAN NIELSEN, “An Internet ‘Eraser’ Law Would Hurt, Not Help, Oregon Teens” A journalist argues that allowing teens to erase past web indiscretions teaches them that they can behave poorly without forethought or consequence. GARY VARVEL, “Meet Jack” (editorial cartoon) A cartoonist humorously demonstrates the consequences of sharing too much on social media. ADRIENNE SARASY, “The Age of the Selfie: Taking, Sharing Our Photos Shows Empowerment, Pride” A high school journalist argues in her student newspaper that selfies can be empowering and help to redefine standards of beauty. ROBERT WILCOX, “The Age of the Selfie: Endless Need to Share Tears Society’s Last Shred of Decency” In the same student newspaper, a student editor argues that oversharing through selfies goes beyond narcissism and may actually be dangerous. AASHIKA DAMODAR, “The Rise of ‘Great Potential’: Youth Activism against Gender-Based Violence” An anti-trafficking activist analyzes the potential of social media as a tool for activism, arguing that it is most effective when combined with offline action. Argument Classics GARRETT HARDIN, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Aid That Does Harm” An ecologist argues against foreign aid and open borders, promoting wider understanding of the “tragedy of the commons” and stimulating new thinking about the causes of poverty and ways to combat it. RACHEL CARSON, “The Obligation to Endure” A marine biologist and writer exposes the subtle, insidious dangers of the pesticide DDT, and in so doing helps launch the environmental movement. E. O. WILSON, “Apocalypse Now/Letter to a Southern Baptist Minister” A biologist and secular humanist attempts to bridge the gap between science and religion, asking Christians and environmentalists to come together to save the multitude of species threatened by climate change. MARGARET SANGER, “The Morality of Birth Control” A pioneer of the birth control movement seeks to redefine what is “moral” when considering access to birth control and assessment of the consequences. Credits Index Table of Contents
Get Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings (Subscription), 10th Edition by John D. Ramage, Arizona State University John C. Bean, Seattle University June Johnson, Seattle University
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