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CHAPTER 18 The French Revolution The Crisis of the French Monarchy The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General The Revolution of 1789 The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly Fall of the Bastille The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles The Reconstruction of France Political Reorganization Economic Policy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy Counterrevolutionary Activity The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution Emergence of the Jacobins The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes Europe at War with the Revolution Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution Suppression of Reform in Britain The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795 The Reign of Terror War with Europe The Republic Defended The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s Justification of Terror Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women De-Christianization Revolutionary Tribunals The End of the Terror The Thermidorian Reaction Establishment of the Directory Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life In Perspective A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order CHAPTER 19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Early Military Victories The Constitution of the Year VIII The Consulate in France (1799–1804) Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church The Napoleonic Code Establishing a Dynasty Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814) Conquering an Empire The Continental System European Response to the Empire German Nationalism and Prussian Reform The Wars of Liberation The Invasion of Russia European Coalition The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement Territorial Adjustments The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance The Romantic Movement Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason Rousseau and Education Kant and Reason Romantic Literature The English Romantic Writers The German Romantic Writers Romantic Art The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism Nature and the Sublime Religion in the Romantic Period Methodism New Directions in Continental Religion Romantic Views of Nationalism and History Herder and Culture Hegel and History Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism In Perspective A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon CHAPTER 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815—1832) The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism The Emergence of Nationalism Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order Conservative Outlooks Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies Postwar Repression in Great Britain Bourbon Restoration in France The Conservative International Order The Congress System The Spanish Revolution of 1820 Revolt against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans The Wars of Independence in Latin America Revolution in Haiti Wars of Independence on the South American Continent Independence in New Spain Brazilian Independence The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe Russia: the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 Revolution in France (1830) Belgium Becomes Independent (1830) The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) In Perspective A Closer Look: An English Poet Appears as an Albanian CHAPTER 21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850) Toward an Industrial Society Population and Migration Railways The Labor Force The Emergence of a Wage Labor Force Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution The Family in the Early Factory System Women in the Early Industrial Revolution Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage Problems of Crime and Order New Police Forces Prison Reform Classical Economics Malthus on Population Ricardo on Wages Government Policies Based on Classical Economics Early Socialism Utopian Socialism Anarchism Marxism 1848: Year of Revolutions France: the Second Republic and Louis Napoleon The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted Italy: Republicanism Defeated Germany: Liberalism Frustrated In Perspective A Closer Look: The Great Exhibition in London THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY PART 5: TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD CHAPTER 22 The Age of Nation-States The Crimean War (1853—1856) Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results Reforms in the Ottoman Empire Italian Unification Romantic Republicans Cavour’s Policy The New Italian State German Unification Bismarck The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870—1871) France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic The Paris Commune The Third Republic The Dreyfus Affair The Habsburg Empire Formation of the Dual Monarchy Unrest of Nationalities Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings Reforms of Alexander II Revolutionaries Great Britain: Toward Democracy The Second Reform Act (1867) Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868—1874) Disraeli in Office (1874—1880) The Irish Question In Perspective A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled CHAPTER 23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World WarI Population Trends and Migration The Second Industrial Revolution New Industries Economic Difficulties The Middle Classes in Ascendancy Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life The Redesign of Cities Urban Sanitation Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences Women’s Social Disabilities New Employment Patterns for Women Working-Class Women Poverty and Prostitution Women of the Middle Class The Rise of Political Feminism Jewish Emancipation Differing Degrees of Citizenship Broadened Opportunities Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism Democracy and Political Parties Karl Marx and the First International Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs France: “Opportunism” Rejected Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism In Perspective A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, St. Petersburg 1905 CHAPTER 24 The Birth of Modern European Thought The New Reading Public Advances in Primary Education Reading Material for the Mass Audience Science at Mid-century Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Science and Ethics Christianity and the Church under Siege Intellectual Skepticism Conflict between Church and State Areas of Religious Revival The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind Science: The Revolution in Physics Literature: Realism and Naturalism Modernism in Literature The Coming of Modern Art Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason The Birth of Psychoanalysis Retreat from Rationalism in Politics Racism Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism Women and Modern Thought Anti-feminism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Thought New Directions in Feminism In Perspective A Closer Look: Conflict Between Church and State in Germany CHAPTER 25 The Age of Western Imperialism The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization The Age of British Imperial Dominance The Imperialism of Free Trade British Settler Colonies India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire The “New Imperialism,” 1870-1914 Motives for the New Imperialism The Partition of Africa Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya Egypt and British Strategic Concern about the Upper Nile West Africa The Belgian Congo German Empire in Africa Southern Africa Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia Western Powers in Asia France in Asia The United States Actions in Asia and the Pacific The Boxer Rebellion Tools of Imperialism Steamboats Conquest of Tropical Diseases Firearms The Missionary Factor Evangelical Protestant Missionaries Roman Catholic Missionary Advance Tensions between Missionaries and Imperial Administrators Missionaries and Indigenous Religious Movements Science and Imperialism Botany Zoology Medicine Anthropology In Perspective A Closer Look: The French in Morocco THE WEST AND THE WORLD: IMPERIALISM: ANCIENT AND MODERN CHAPTER 26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890) Bismarck’s Leadership Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907) World War I The Road to War (1908–1914) Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June–August 1914) Strategies and Stalemate; 1914–1917 The Russian Revolution The Provisional Government Lenin and the Bolsheviks The Communist Dictatorship The End of World War I Germany’s Last Offensive The Armistice The End of the Ottoman Empire The Settlement at Paris Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced The Peace World War I and Colonial Empires Evaluating the Peace In Perspective A Closer Look: The Development of the Armored Tank CHAPTER 27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement Toward the Great Depression in Europe Financial Tailspin Problems in Agricultural Commodities Depression and Government Policy in Britain and France The Soviet Experiment War Communism The New Economic Policy The Third International Stalin versus Trotsky The Decision for Rapid Industrialization The Collectivization of Agriculture The Purges The Fascist Experiment in Italy The Rise of Mussolini The Fascists in Power German Democracy and Dictatorship The Weimar Republic Depression and Political Deadlock Hitler Comes to Power Hitler’s Consolidation of Power Anti-Semitism and the Police State Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women Nazi Economic Policy Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe Economic and Ethnic Pressures Poland: Democracy to Military Rule Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment Hungary: Turmoil and Authoritarianism Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships In Perspective A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally PART 6: GLOBAL CONFLICT, COLD WAR, AND NEW DIRECTIONS CHAPTER 28 World War II Again the Road to War (1933–1939) Hitler’s goals Italy Attacks Ethiopia Remilitarization of the Rhineland The Spanish Civil War Austria and Czechoslovakia Munich The Nazi-Soviet Pact World War II (1939–1945) The German Conquest of Europe The Battle of Britain The German Attack on Russia Hitler’s Plans for Europe Japan and the United States Enter the War The Defeat of Nazi Germany The Tide Turns Fall of the Japanese Empire The Cost of War Racism and the Holocaust The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland Explanations of the Holocaust The Domestic Fronts Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance Great Britain: Organization for Victory The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” Preparations for Peace The Atlantic Charter Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front Yalta Potsdam In Perspective A Closer Look: The Vichy Regime in France CHAPTER 29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe The Emergence of the Cold War Containment in American Foreign Policy Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe The Postwar Division of Germany NATO and the Warsaw Pact The Creation of the State of Israel The Korean War The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union Khruschev’s Domestic Policies The Three Crises of 1956 Later Cold War Confrontations The Berlin Wall The Cuban Missile Crisis The Brezhnev Era 1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia The U.S. and Détente The Invasion of Afghanistan Communism and Solidarity in Poland Relations with the Reagan Administration Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal India Further British Retreat from Empire The Turmoil of French Decolonization France and Algeria France and Vietnam Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War Direct United States. Involvement The Collapse of European Communism Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union 1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe The Collapse of the Soviet Union The Yelstsin Decade The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War Putin and the Resurgence of Russia The Rise of Radical Political Islamism Arab Nationalism The Iranian Revolution Afghanistan and Radical Islamism A Transformed West In Perspective A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall CHAPTER 30 The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples Displacement through War External and Internal Migration The New Muslim Population European Population Trends Toward a Welfare State Society Christian Democratic Parties The Creation of Welfare States Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women Feminism More Married Women in the Workforce New Work Patterns Women in the New Eastern Europe Transformations in Knowledge and Culture Communism and Western Europe Existentialism Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion The Americanization of Europe A Consumer Society Environmentalism Art Since World War II Cultural Divisions and the Cold War Memory of the Holocaust The Christian Heritage Neo-Orthodoxy Liberal Theology Roman Catholic Reform Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer The Demand for Calculating Machines Early Computer Technology The Development of Desktop Computers The Challenges of European Unification Postwar Cooperation The European Economic Community The European Union Discord over the Union New American Leadership and Financial Crisis In Perspective A Closer Look: The Copenhagen Opera House THE WEST AND THE WORLD: ENERGY AND THE MODERN WORLD Table of Contents
Compare & Connect: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Opens the Door for Disadvantaged Groups to Demands Equal Civic Rights
Encountering The Past: The Metric System
Compare & Connect: The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age
Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food
Compare & Connect: Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the Political Principles of Nationalism
Encountering the Past: Gymnastics and German Nationalism
Compare & Connect: Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate the Conditions of Factory Production
Encountering the Past: The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland
Compare & Connect: Two Faces of Nationalism and Drives for National Unity
Encountering the Past: The Arrival of Penny Postage
Compare & Connect: Bernstein and Lenin Debate the Character of Tactics of European Socialism
Encountering the Past: Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport
Compare & Connect: The Debate over Social Darwinism
Encountering the Past: The Birth of Science Fiction
Compare & Connect: Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth Century Imperial Expansion
Encountering the Past: Imperialism Determining the Application of Submarine Cable Communication
Compare & Connect: The Outbreak of World War I
Encountering the Past: War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin
Compare & Connect: The Soviets and the Nazis Confront the Issues of Women and the Family
Encountering the Past: Cinema of the Political Left and Right
Compare & Connect: The Munich Settlement
Encountering the Past: Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War
Compare & Connect: The Soviet Union and the United States Draw the Lines of the Cold War
Encountering The Past: Rock Music and Political Protest
Compare & Connect: Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair Debate the Government Social Responsibility for Welfare
Encountering the Past: Toys from Europe Conquer the United States
Get Western Heritage, The: Volume C (since 1789), 10th Edition by Donald M. Kagan, Yale University Steven Ozment, Harvard University Frank M. Turner, Yale University
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