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IN THIS SECTION: 1.) BRIEF 2.) COMPREHENSIVE BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS: COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Scope of Biological Anthropology Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 6: The Primates Chapter 8: Fossils in Geological Context Chapter 11: Early Hominins Chapter 15: Evolution of the Brain and Language Table of Contents
Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology?
Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution
Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 2: Genetics: Cells and Molecules
Chapter 3: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 4: The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species
Chapter 5: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability
Part II: Primates
Chapter 6: The Primates
Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
Part III: Paleontology and Primate Evolution
Chapter 8: Fossils in Geological Context
Chapter 9: Origin of Primates
Chapter 10: Becoming Human: The Ape—Hominin Transition
Part IV: The Human Fossil Record
Chapter 11: Early Hominins
Chapter 12: Rise of the Genus Homo
Chapter 13: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals
Chapter 14: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens
Part V: New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology
Chapter 15: Evolution of the Brain and Language
Chapter 16: Biomedical Anthropology
Chapter 17: The Evolution of Human Behavior
Chapter 18: Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology
Appendix A: Overview of the Brain
Appendix B: Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy
Appendix C: The Hardy—Weinberg Equilibrium
Appendix D: Metric—Imperial Conversions
Preface
About the Authors
Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology?
Paleoanthropology
Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology
Paleopathology
Forensic Anthropology
Primatology
Human Biology
The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology
Anthropology and Its Subfields
Cultural Anthropology
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Paradigm Split in Anthropology?
Archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution
What Is Science?
The Early Thinkers
The Roots of Modern Science
Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life
The Road to the Darwinian Revolution
The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell
The Darwinian Revolution
The Galápagos
Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwin versus Wallace?
The Response to Darwin
Science and Creationism
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What Is Intelligent Design?
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Genetics: Cells and Molecules
Genetics
The Study of Genetics
Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What?
The Cell
Cell Anatomy
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Cloning Controversies
DNA Structure and Function
DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level
DNA Function I: Replication
DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis
DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division
INNOVATIONS: The Wide World of RNA
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Biochemical Individuality
Molecular Tools For Bioanthropological Research
Indirect versus Direct Research Methods
PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 3: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype
From Genotype to Phenotype
The ABO Blood Type System
Obesity: A Complex Interaction
Mendelian Genetics
Mendel’s Postulates
Linkage and Crossing Over
Mutation
Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases
Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good
X-Linked Disorders
Mendelian Genetics in Humans
Genetics Beyond Mendel
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics
Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment
Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance
Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts
Genes and Environments
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 4: The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species
How Evolution Works
Where Does Variation Come From?
How Natural Selection Works
Other Ways by Which Evolution Happens
Classification and Evolution
Taxonomy and Speciation
What Is a Species?
A Guide to Species Concepts
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What’s in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Con-servation
The Tempo of Speciation
Adaptation
Is Everything Adaptive?
Hardy—Weinberg Equilibrium
Levels of Selection
Inclusive Fitness
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 5: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability
Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level
What Is a Population?
Historical Perspectives on Human Variation
Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations
The Monogenism—Polygenism Debate
Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century
Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology
Deconstructing Racial Features
Population Genetics
Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems
Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms
Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies
Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations
The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance
Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle-Cell and Other Conditions
Adaptation and Adaptability
Levels of Adaptability
Heat and Cold
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Technology and Extreme Environments
Body Size and Shape
Living at High Altitude
Skin Color
Adaptability to Water
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Part II: Primates
The Primate Radiation
The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates
What Exactly Is a Primate?
Anatomical Traits
Life History Traits
Behavioral Traits: Activity and Sociality
A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates
The Strepsirhines
The Haplorhines
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Rarest of the Rare
The New World Monkeys
The Old World Monkeys
The Hominoids
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes?
Primate Ecology
The Cycles of a Tropical Forest
You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies
Diet and Feeding Competition
Territories and Ranges
Predation
Primate Communities
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
Studying Primates
The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior
Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry
Male Reproductive Strategies
Female Reproductive Strategies
Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?
The Paradox of Sociality
INNOVATIONS: Culture in Nonhuman Primates
Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Infanticide Wars
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?
Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Part III: Paleontology and Primate Evolution
How to Become a Fossil
The Importance of Context
Stratigraphy
The Geologic Time Scale
How Old Is It?
Relative Dating Techniques
Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Piltdown Hoax
Chronometric Dating Techniques
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Dating Controversies
INNOVATIONS: Time in a Bottle
The Earth in the Cenozoic
Continents and Land Masses
The Environment in the Cenozoic
Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 9: Origin of Primates
The Mesozoic and Beyond
Dawn of the Age of Mammals
The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K—T Boundary?
Changes in the Paleocene: The Origin of Primates?
Why Primates?
Early Primates of the Eocene
Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors)
Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors)
Continental Drift and Eocene Primates
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar
Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine—Haplorhine Split
Evolution of Higher Primates
The First Monkeys?
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids?
The Earliest Apes
Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes
The Monkey’s Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene?
Molecular Evolution in Primates
A Primate Molecular Phylogeny
Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 10: Becoming Human: The Ape—Hominin Transition
Becoming a Biped
Anatomical Changes
Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan
Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor
Why Bipeds?
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Overheated Radiator?
The Transition to Human Behavior
Primate Intelligence: Why Are Human Brains Big?
What Made Humans Human?
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Part IV: The Human Fossil Record
Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominins versus Hominins
The First Hominins?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Treasures of the Afar Triangle
Australopithecus and Kin
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
INNOVATIONS: Dikika and Development
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus africanus
The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines)
Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation
Cohabitation
Tools and Intelligence
Ancestors and Descendants
Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 12: Rise of The Genus Homo
Defining the Genus Homo
Earliest Genus Homo
Early Tool Use
Hunting and Scavenging
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Understanding the Meat-Eating Past through the Pre-sent
Who Was Homo erectus?
Anatomical Features
Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster
Homo erectus around the World
African Origins
The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia
Dispersal into East Asia
The Status of Homo erectus in Europe
The Lifeways of Homo erectus
Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age
A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence
Homo erectus Life History
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What’s Size Got to Do with It?
Homo erectus Leaves Africa
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 13: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals
Hominin Evolution in the Middle to Late Pleistocene
Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens
Archaic Homo sapiens
European Archaic Homo sapiens
African Archaic Homo sapiens
Asian Archaic Homo sapiens
Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens
Stone Tools
Biodegradable Tools
Big Game Hunting
Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites
The Neandertals
Geographic and Temporal Distribution
History of Neandertal Discovery
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Neandertal Image Makeovers
Neandertal Anatomy and DNA
Growth and Development
Health and Disease
INNOVATIONS: Neandertal Genes
Neandertal Behavior
Material Culture
Coping with Cold
Hunting and Subsistence
Cannibalism
Burials
Ritual and Symbolic Behavior
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 14: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens
The Emergence of Modern Humans
Models of Modern Human Origins
Multiregional and Replacement Models
Predictions of the Two Models
Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans
Africa
Near East
Europe
Asia and Southeast Asia
Australia
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Little People of Flores
Archaeology of Modern Human Origins
Stone and Other Tools
Subsistence
Symbolism
Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands
Molecular Genetics and Human Origins
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The “Vitamin D Line”
Mitochondrial DNA
The Y Chromosome
MRCAs for Nuclear Genes
Ancient DNA
Interpreting Models of Human Origins
Paleontology and Archaeology
Molecular Genetics
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Part V: New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology
Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution
Brain Size and Encephalization
Brain Size and the Fossil Record
Brain Reorganization
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy
Language: Biology and Evolution
The Evolution of Grammar
Language in the Brain
Language in the Throat
Language Ability and the Fossil Record
INNOVATIONS: Music, the Brain, and Evolution
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Ape Language Studies
Scenarios of Language Evolution
Brain Size, Language, and Intelligence
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 16: Biomedical Anthropology
Epidemiology: Basic Tools For Biomedical Anthropology
Rates: Mortality, Incidence, and Prevalence
Epidemiological Transitions
Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease
The Biocultural Approach
The Evolutionary Approach
Birth, Growth, and Aging
Human Childbirth
Patterns of Human Growth
Stages of Human Growth
The Secular Trend in Growth
Menarche and Menopause
Aging
Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution
Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Kuru, Cannibalism, and Prion Diseases
Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race
Diet and Disease
The Paleolithic Diet
Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency
Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 17: The Evolution of Human Behavior
Studying the Evolution of Human Behavior
The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches
Behavioral Patterns and Evolution
Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective
Quantification in Evolutionary Ecological Research
Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor
Sexual Selection and Human Behavior
Risk-Taking Behavior
Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos
Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors
Motherese or Infant-Directed Speech
Basic Color Terms
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Reading, Writing, and Evolution
Behavioral Disease
Depression and Natural Selection
Schizophrenia
Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
Chapter 18: Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology
Life, Death, and the Skeleton
Field Recovery Methods
Laboratory Processing, Curation, and Chain of Custody
The Biological Profile
Age at Death
Sex
Ancestry
Height and Weight
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Ancestry Genetics
Premortem Injury and Disease
Taphonomy
Perimortem Trauma
Postmortem Trauma
DNA, Kinship, and Identity
Identification and Forensic Anthropology
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Genghis Khan Effect
Time Since Death
Antemortem Records and Positive IDs
Facial Reconstruction
Applications of Bioarchaeology
Mortuary Archaeology
Biocultural Evolution of Health and Disease
Activity Patterns and Subsistence Change
Applications of Forensic Anthropology
Mass Fatalities
War Dead
War Crimes and Genocide
Epilogue
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading
APPENDIX A Overview of the Brain
APPENDIX B Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy
APPENDIX C The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
APPENDIX D Metric-Imperial Conversions
Glossary
Bibliography
Photo Credits
Index
Get Biological Anthropology, 3rd Edition by Craig Stanford, University of Southern California John S. Allen, University of Southern California Susan C. Antón, New York University
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