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NOTE: Brief and Comprehensive Tables of Contents follow. Contents by Genre Contents by Theme Preface I. COMPOSING: AN OVERVIEW 1. The Prewriting Process Reading for Writing James Joyce, Eveline Who Are My Readers? Analyze the Audience Why Am I Writing? Reasons for Writing What Ideas Should I Use? Reading and Thinking Critically Discovering and Developing Ideas Self-Questioning Directed Freewriting Problem Solving Sample Student Prewriting: Directed Freewriting Clustering Sample Student Prewriting: Clustering What Point Should I Make? Relate a Part to the Whole Finding the Theme Stating the Thesis 2. The Writing Process How Should I Organize My Ideas? Arguing Your Interpretation The Elements of Good Argument Building an Effective Argument Arranging the Ideas Developing with Details Questions for Consideration Maintaining a Critical Focus Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details How Should I Begin? Postpone If Nothing Comes Write an Appealing Opening State the Thesis How Should I End? Relate the Discussion to Theme Postpone or Write Ahead Write an Emphatic Final Sentence Composing the First Draft Pausing to Rescan Quoting from Your Sources Sample Student Paper: First Draft 3. Writing a Convincing Argument Identifying Issues Making Claims Using Evidence Using Reasoning Answering Opposing Views Organizing Your Argument Using the Inductive Approach Making a Counterargument Arguing through Comparison Sample Student Paper: An Argument Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L. A. 4. The Rewriting Process What Is Revision? Getting Feedback: Peer Review Revising in Peer Groups What Should I Add or Take Out? Outlining After the First Draft Making the Outline Checking the Outline Sample After-Writing Outline Examining the Sample Outline What Should I Rearrange? Does It Flow? What Is Editing? Combining for Conciseness Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety Varying the Pattern Which Words Should I Change? Check Your Verbs Use Active Voice Most of the Time Use Passive If Appropriate Feel the Words Attend to Tone Use Formal Language What Is Proofreading? Try Reading It Backward Look for Your Typical Errors Read the Paper Aloud Find a Friend to Help Sample Student Paper: Final Draft 5. Researched Writing Using Library Sources in Your Writing Conducting Your Research Locating Sources Using the Online Catalog Using Indexes and Databases Using the Internet Evaluating Online Sources Using Reference Works in Print Working with Sources Taking Notes Using a Research Notebook Using the Printout/Photocopy Option Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Devising a Working Outline Writing a First Draft Organizing Your Notes Using Quotations and Paraphrases Integrating Sources Block Quotations Quoting from Primary Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Rewriting and Editing Documenting Your Sources Revising the Draft Formatting Your Paper Sample Student Paper in MLA Style Sample Published Article in MLA Style Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style In-Text Citations Preparing the List of Works Cited Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited Citing Print Publications Citing Online Publications Citing Other Common Sources II. WRITING ABOUT SHORT FICTION 6. How Do I Read Short Fiction? Notice the Structure Consider Point of View and Setting Study the Characters Look for Specialized Literary Techniques Examine the Title Investigate the Author’s Life and Times Continue Questioning to Discover Theme 7. Writing About Structure What Is Structure? How Do I Discover Structure? Looking at Structure Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried Prewriting Finding Patterns Writing Grouping Details Relating Details to Theme Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Integrating Quotations Gracefully 8. Writing About Imagery and Symbolism What Are Images? What Are Symbols? Archetypal Symbols Phallic and Yonic Symbols How Will I Recognize Symbols? Reference Works on Symbols Looking at Images and Symbols Shirley Jackson, The Lottery Prewriting Interpreting Symbols Writing Producing a Workable Thesis Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Sharpening the Introduction Sample Student Paper on Symbolism: Second and Final Drafts 9. Writing About Point of View What Is Point of View? Describing Point of View Looking at Point of View Alice Walker, Everyday Use Prewriting Analyzing Point of View Writing Relating Point of View to Theme Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Sharpening the Conclusion 10. Writing About Setting and Atmosphere What Are Setting and Atmosphere? Looking at Setting and Atmosphere Tobias Wolff, Hunters in the Snow Prewriting Examining the Elements of Setting Writing Discovering an Organization Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Checking Your Organization Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences 11. Writing About Theme What Is Theme? Looking at Theme Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find Prewriting Figuring Out the Theme Stating the Theme Writing Choosing Supporting Details Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Achieving Coherence Checking for Coherence Editing Repeat Words and Synonyms Try Parallel Structure 12. Critical Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? The Story’s Origins Four Critical Interpretations Topics for Discussion and Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project 13. Anthology of Short Fiction Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado Sarah Orne Jewett, A White Heron Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper James Joyce, Araby Katherine Anne Porter, The Grave Zora Neale Hurston, Spunk William Faulkner, Barn Burning Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants Arna Bontemps, A Summer Tragedy Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables Rosario Morales, The Day It Happened Raymond Carver, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love T. Coraghessan Boyle, The Love of My Life Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible 14. A Portfolio of Science Fiction Stories Ray Bradbury, There Will Come Soft Rains Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Octavia E. Butler, Speech Sounds MultiModal Project Sample Student Paper: Comparing Dystopias 15. A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Stories H. H. Munro (“Saki”), The Open Window John Updike, A & P Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings Ron Hansen, My Kid’s Dog MultiModal Project 16. A Portfolio of Stories about Singular Women Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums Eudora Welty, A Worn Path Katherine Min, Secondhand World MultiModal Project III. WRITING ABOUT POETRY 17. How Do I Read Poetry? Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase Make Associations for Meaning 18. Writing About Persona and Tone Who Is Speaking? What Is Tone? Recognizing Verbal Irony Describing Tone Looking at Persona and Tone Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz W. D. Ehrhart, Sins of the Father Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose Prewriting Asking Questions About the Speaker in “My Papa's Waltz” Devising a Thesis Considering the Speaker in “The Sins of the Father” Describing the Tone in “The Ruined Maid” Developing a Thesis Describing the Tone in “The Unknown Citizen” Formulating a Thesis Determining Tone in “Go, Lovely Rose” Writing Explicating and Analyzing Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Editing Quoting Poetry in Essays Sample Student Paper: Reflection on Persona and Tone Analyzing the Student Response 19. Writing About Poetic Language What Do the Words Suggest? Connotation and Denotation Figures of Speech Metaphor and Simile Personification Imagery Symbol Paradox Oxymoron Looking at Poetic Language Mary Oliver, August Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? Kay Ryan, Turtle Hayden Carruth, In the Long Hall Donald Hall, My Son My Executioner Prewriting Examining Poetic Language Writing Comparing and Contrasting Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms Finding Lively Words Sample Student Paper on Poetic Language: Second and Final Drafts 20. Writing About Poetic Form What Are the Forms of Poetry? Rhythm and Rhyme Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance Exercise on Poetic Form Stanzas: Closed and Open Form Poetic Syntax Visual Poetry Looking at the Forms of Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town Robert Frost, The Silken Tent Billy Collins, Sonnet David Shumate, A Hundred Years from Now Roger McGough, 40-----Love Prewriting Experimenting with Poetic Forms Writing Relating Form to Meaning Ideas for Writing Ideas for Expressive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project Rewriting Finding the Exact Word Sample Student Paper on Poetic Form Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form 21. Critical Casebook: The Poetry of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers Mother to Son The Weary Blues Saturday Night Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Theme for English B Considering the Poems Critical Commentaries Arnold Rampersad, On the Persona in “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” Margaret Larkin, A Poet for the People Karen Jackson Ford, Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity Peter Townsend, Jazz and Langston Hughes’s Poetry Langston Hughes, Harlem Rent Parties Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes Ideas for Researched Writing MultiModal Project 22. The Art of Poetry Poetic Interpretations of Art Edward Hopper, Nighthawks Samuel Yellen, Nighthawks Susan Ludvigson, Inventing My Parents Peter Brueghel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus Paolo Uccello, St. George and the Dragon Kitagawa Utamaro, Two Women Dressing Their Hair The Art of Poetry: Questions for Discussion Poetry and Art: Ideas for Writing MultiModal Project Sample Student Paper: Reflection on Poetry and Art 23. Anthology of Poetry Thomas Wyatt, They Flee from Me William Shakespeare When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun John Donne Death, Be Not Proud The Flea A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress William Blake The Lamb The Tyger The Sick Rose William Wordsworth The World Is Too Much with Us I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses Walt Whitman When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer Song of Myself (Section 11) Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach Emily Dickinson Faith Is a Fine Invention I’m Nobody! Who Are You? Much Madness Is Divinest Sense Because I Could Not Stop for Death Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church Wild Nights–Wild Nights! Christina Rossetti, In an Artist’s Studio Gerard Manley Hopkins Pied Beauty Spring and Fall A. E. Housman To an Athlete Dying Young Loveliest of Trees William Butler Yeats The Second Coming Sailing to Byzantium Edgar Lee Masters Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask Robert Frost Mending Wall Birches “Out, Out–” &nb Table of Contents
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents by Genre
Contents by Theme
Preface
I. COMPOSING: AN OVERVIEW
1. The Prewriting Process
2. The Writing Process
3. Writing a Convincing Argument
4. The Rewriting Process
5. Researched Writing
II. WRITING ABOUT SHORT FICTION
6. How Do I Read Short Fiction?
7. Writing About Structure
8. Writing About Imagery and Symbolism
9. Writing About Point of View
10. Writing About Setting and Atmosphere
11. Writing About Theme
12. Critical Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”
13. Anthology of Short Fiction
14. A Portfolio of Science Fiction Stories
15. A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Stories
16. A Portfolio of Stories about Singular Women
III. WRITING ABOUT POETRY
17. How Do I Read Poetry?
18. Writing About Persona and Tone
19. Writing About Poetic Language
20. Writing About Poetic Form
21. Critical Casebook: The Poetry of Langston Hughes
22. The Art of Poetry
23. Anthology of Poetry
24. Paired Poems for Comparison
25. A Portfolio of Poems about Work
26. A Portfolio of War Poetry
27. A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Poetry
IV. WRITING ABOUT DRAMA(28. How Do I Read a Play?
29. Writing About Dramatic Structure
30. Writing About Character
31. Critical Casebook: The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda
32. Anthology of Drama
33. A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Plays
V. CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE
34. Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature
35. Critical Casebook: Reading and Writing About Culture and Identity
Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry
Subject Index
COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTSLisel Mueller, American Literature
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts
U. A. Fanthorpe, Not My Best Side
Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
Henri Matisse, The Red StudioW. D. Snodgrass, Matisse: ‘The Red Studio’
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness
Lucinda Matlock
Margaret Fuller Slack
Get Literature and the Writing Process (Subscription), 11th Edition by Elizabeth McMahan, Deceased, Emerita, Illinois State University Susan X. Day, University of Houston Robert Funk Linda Coleman
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