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Chapter One: An Overview of Reading Instruction for Struggling Readers Reading Instruction–Past and Present Perspectives Successful Intervention — A New Perspective Principles of Effective Intervention Programs Current Issues Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Two: Patterns of Reading Difficulty General Patterns Defining a Student’s Reading Level Reading Level: An Indicator of Problem Severity Reading Level: An Indicator of Word Identification Proficiency Reading Level: An Indicator of Comprehension Proficiency Designing the Intervention Focus Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Three: The Structure of Intervention Sessions The Importance of Consistent Structure Individual Intervention Structures K-5 Group Intervention Structures K-5 Intervention Structures 6-12 Classroom Intervention Structures That Foster the Growth of Struggling Readers Designing Your Own Structure Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Four: Phonological Awareness What Is Phonological Awareness and Why Is It Important? The Importance of Rhyme The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Rhyme Knowledge Phonological Awareness Instruction The Importance of Phonemic Awareness Developing Phonemic Awareness Aurally Application to Writing Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Five: Word Identification Instruction: Phonics and More What Is Systematic Phonics Instruction? The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Problems with Word Identification Guidelines for Exemplary Phonics Instruction Teaching Consonant Sounds Using Shared Reading Procedures for Teaching Consonant Sounds Using Shared Reading Teaching Vowel Sounds: Using Spelling Patterns to Read by Analogy The Importance of Cross-Checking How to Learn Words That Are Difficult to Decode Putting It All Together: Guided Reading Teacher Prompting during Oral Reading Application to Spelling Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Six: Word Identification Instruction: Fluency The Importance of Fluency The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Lack of Fluency General Principles for Developing Fluency Instructional Activities for Developing Fluency Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Seven: Prior Knowledge and Concept Development How Prior Knowledge Affects Comprehension How to Assess Prior Knowledge Building a Knowledge Base: Concept Development Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Eight: Vocabulary Learning The Importance of Vocabulary Learning The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Vocabulary Learning General Principles for Developing Vocabulary Learning Instructional Activities for Fostering Word Learning Application to Writing Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Appendix Chapter Nine: Comprehension Instruction: Retelling Narrative Text The Importance of Retelling What is an Effective Retelling? How is an Understanding of Narrative Structure Developed? The Informal Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Retell Narrative Text General Principles for Developing Narrative Retelling Biographies: Bridging Narrative and Expository Text Application to English Language Learners Application to Writing Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Ten: Comprehension Instruction: Expository Retelling Retelling Expository Text The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Retell Expository Text General Principles for Developing Effective Expository Retellings Instructional Strategies for Constructing Expository Retellings Expository Idea Map Main Idea Map Application to Writing Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Appendix Chapter Eleven: Comprehension Instruction: Answering Questions The Complexity of Answering Questions The Importance of Self-Questioning The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Ability to Answer Questions General Principles for Helping Students to Answer Questions Instructional Activities for Answering Questions Application to Writing Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners 206 Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Twelve: Comprehension Instruction: General Interactive Strategies The Importance of Comprehension Strategies The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Problems with Comprehension Frameworks for Interactive Teaching of Comprehension Strategies Application to Writing Application to English Language Learners Application to Adolescent Learners Response to Intervention Summary References and Recommended Readings Chapter Thirteen: Pulling It All Together: Designing the Intervention Structure Primary Level Intermediate Level Middle Level Generic Intervention Plan Summary Appendix Summary of Intervention Strategies Index Table of Contents
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