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Guide to Readings Preface Chapter 1 Thinking and Writing—A Critical Connection Thinking Made Visible 1 Critical Thinking 2 An Open Mind—Examining Your World View Hedgehogs and Foxes Writing as a Process Invention Strategies—Generating Ideas The First Draft 9 The Time to be Critical Audience and Purpose E-Mail and Text Messaging Writing Assignment 1 Considering Your Audience and Purpose Reason, Intuition, Imagination, and Metaphor Reasoning by Analogy Summary Key Terms Chapter 2 Inference—Critical Thought What Is an Inference? How Reliable is an Inference? What Is a Fact? Reliability of Facts in a Changing World What Is a Judgment? Achieving a Balance Between Inference and Facts Facts Only Inferences Only Writing Assignment 2 Reconstructing the Lost Tribe Reading Critically Making Inferences—Writing about Fiction Writing Assignment 3 Interpreting Fiction Making Inferences—Analyzing Images Persuading With Visual Images Examining Ads Vivid Warnings Visual Images and the Law Summary Key Terms Chapter 3 The Structure of Argument Premises and Conclusions Distinguishing Between Premises and Conclusions Standard Form Writing Assignment 5 Creating a Political Handout Ambiguous Argument Structure Hidden Assumptions in Argument Dangers of Hidden Assumptions Hidden Assumptions and Standard Form Hidden Assumptions and Audience Awareness Summaries Strategies For Writing a Summary An Example of a Summary Writing Assignment 5 Summarizing an Article Argument and Explanation—Distinctions Summary Key Terms Chapter 4 Written Argument Focusing Your Topic The Issue The Question at Issue The Thesis Shaping a Written Argument—Rhetorical Strategies The Introduction The Development of Your Argument How Many Premises Should an Argument Have? The Conclusion A Dialectical Approach to Argument Addressing Counterarguments How Much Counterargument? Refutation and Concession Rogerian Strategy When There is No Other Side Logical Connections—Coherence Joining Words More On Coherence Sample Essays A Two-Step Process for Writing a Complete Argument Writing Assignment 6 Arguing Both Sides of an Issue Writing Assignment 7 Taking a Stand Summary Key Terms Chapter 5 The Language of Argument—Definition Definition and Perception Who Controls the Definitions? Defining Ourselves Shifting Definitions Definition: The Social Sciences and Government Language: An Abstract System of Symbols The Importance of Concrete Examples Abstractions and Evasion Euphemism and Connotation Definition in Written Argument Appositives—A Strategy for Defining Terms Within the Sentence Appositives and Argument Punctuation of Appositives Extended Definition Writing Assignment 8 Composing an Argument Based on a Definition Inventing a New Word to Fill a Need Writing Assignment 9 Creating a New Word Summary Key Terms Chapter 6 Fallacious Arguments What Is a Fallacious Argument? Appeal to Authority Appeal to Fear Appeal to Pity Begging the Question Double Standard Equivocation False Analogy False Cause False Dilemma Hasty Generalization Personal Attack Poisoning the Well Red Herring Slippery Slope Straw Man Writing Assignment 10 Analyzing an Extended Argument Key Terms Chapter 7 Deductive and Inductive Argument Key Distinction (1) Necessity Versus Probability (2) From General to Specific, Specific to General The Relationship Between Induction and Deduction Deductive Reasoning Class Logic Relationships Between Classes Class Logic And The Syllogism Hypothetical Arguments 168 The Valid Hypothetical Argument The Invalid Hypothetical Argument Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Hypothetical Chains Hypothetical Claims and Everyday Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Generalization The Direction of Inductive Reasoning Testing Inductive Generalizations Thinking Critically About Surveys and Statistics Writing Assignment 11 Questioning Generalizations Writing Assignment 12 Conducting a Survey: A Collaborative Project Summary Key Terms Chapter 8 The Language of Argument—Style Parallelism The Structure of Parallelism Logic of the Parallel Series Emphasizing Ideas With Parallelism Sharpening Sentences, Eliminating Wordiness Concrete Subjects Active and Passive Verbs Passive Verbs and Evasion When the Passive is Appropriate Consistent Sentence Subjects Summary Key Terms A Quick Guide to Evaluating Sources and Integrating Research into your Own Writing Where to Begin Evaluating Online Sources Checking for Bias Three Options for Including Research Blend Quotations and Paraphrases into Your Own Writing Make the Purpose Clear Punctuation and Format of Quotations Omitting Words From a Direct Quotation—Ellipsis Plagiarism A Final Note Additional Readings “Living with Less,” Graham Hill “The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage,” Ted Olsen “You Are What You Speak,” Guy Deutscher “The Order of Things,” Malcolm Gladwell Text Credits Index Table of Contents
Get Writing Logically Thinking Critically, 8th Edition by Sheila Cooper, San Francisco State University Rosemary Patton, San Francisco State University
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