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PART 1 THE FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD CHAPTER 1 The Birth of Civilization Early Humans and Their Culture The Paleolithic Age The Neolithic Age The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E. Mesopotamian Civilization Egyptian Civilization Ancient Near Eastern Empires The Hittites The Assyrians The Second Assyrian Empire The Neo-Babylonians The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great Darius the Great Government and Administration Religion Art and Culture Palestine The Canaanites and the Phoenicians The Israelites The Jewish Religion General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures Humans and Nature Toward the Greeks and Western Thought CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Greek Civilization The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E. The Minoans The Mycenaeans The Greek “Middle Ages” to about 750 B.C.E. Greek Migrations The Age of Homer The Polis Development of the Polis The Hoplite Phalanx The Importance of the Polis Expansion of the Greek World Magna Graecia The Greek Colony The Tyrants (ca. 700—500 B.C.E.) The Major States Sparta Athens Life in Archaic Greece Society Religion Poetry The Persian Wars The Ionian Rebellion The War in Greece CHAPTER 3 Classical and Hellenistic Greece Aftermath of Victory The Delian League The Rise of Cimon The First Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta The Breach with Sparta The Division of Greece Classical Greece The Athenian Empire Athenian Democracy The Women of Athens: Social Status and Everyday Life Slavery Religion in Public Life The Great Peloponnesian War Causes Strategic Stalemate The Fall of Athens Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E. The Hegemony of Sparta The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire The Culture of Classical Greece The Fifth Century B.C.E. The Fourth Century B.C.E. Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis The Hellenistic World The Macedonian Conquest Alexander the Great The Successors Hellenistic Culture Philosophy Literature Art and Architecture Mathematics and Science CHAPTER 4 Rome: From Republic to Empire Prehistoric Italy The Etruscans Government Religion Women Dominion Royal Rome Government The Family Women in Early Rome Clientage Patricians and Plebians The Republic Constitution The Conquest of Italy Rome and Carthage The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World Civilization in the Early Roman Republic Religion Education Slavery Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic The Aftermath of Conquest The Gracchi Marius and Sulla The Fall of the Republic Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cicero The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar and his Government of Rome The Second Triumvirate and the Triumph of Octavian CHAPTER 5 The Roman Empire The Augustan Principate Administration The Army and Defense Religion and Morality Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages The Late Republic The Age of Augustus Imperial Rome, 14 to 180 c.e. The Emperors The Administration of the Empire Women of the Upper Classes Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House The Culture of the Early Empire The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Paul of Tarsus Organization The Persecution of Christians The Emergence of Catholicism The Crisis of the Third Century Barbarian Invasions Economic Difficulties The Social Order Civil Disorder The Late Empire The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization The Triumph of Christianity Arts and Letters in the Late Empire The Preservation of Classical Culture Christian Writers THE WEST AND THE WORLD: ANCIENT WARFARE PART 2: THE MIDDLE AGES CHAPTER 6 Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476–1000) On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy Germanic Migrations New Western Masters The Byzantine Empire The Reign of Justinian The Spread of Byzantine Christianity Persians and Muslims Islam and the Islamic World Muhammad’s Religion Islamic Diversity Islamic Empires The Western Debt to Islam Western Society and the Developing Christian Church Monastic Culture The Doctrine of Papal Primacy The Religious Division of Christiandom The Kingdom of the Franks: From Clovis to Charlemagne Governing the Franks The Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) Break up of the Carolingian Kingdom Feudal Society Origins Vassalage and the Fief Daily Life and Religion Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty CHAPTER 7 The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000—1300) Otto I and the Revival of the Empire Unifying Germany Embracing the Church The Reviving Catholic Church The Cluny Reform Movement The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV The Crusades The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198—1216) England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214) William the Conqueror Henry II Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture Popular Rebellion and Magna Carta Philip II Augustus France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX Generosity Abroad Order and Excellence at Home The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152—1272) Frederick I Barbarossa Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum Frederick II Romanesque and Gothic Art CHAPTER 8 Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000–1300) The Traditional Order of Life Nobles Clergy Peasants Towns and Townspeople The Chartering of Towns The Rise of Merchants Challenging the Old Lords New Models of Government Towns and Kings Jews in Christian Society Schools and Universities University of Bologna Cathedral Schools University of Paris The Curriculum Philosophy and Theology Women in Medieval Society Image and Status Life Choices Working Women The Lives of Children Children as “Little Adults” Children as a Special Stage THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE INVENTION OF PRINTING IN CHINA AND EUROPE PART 3: EUROPE IN TRANSITION CHAPTER 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453) The Black Death Preconditions and Causes of the Plague Popular Remedies Social and Economic Consequences New Conflicts and Opportunities The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment The Causes of the War Progress of the War Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church The Thirteenth-Century Papacy Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair The Avignon Papacy (1309—1377) John Wycliffe and John Huss The Great Schism (1378—1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449 Medieval Russia Politics and Society Mongol Rule (1243—1480) CHAPTER 10 Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) The Italian City-State Humanism Renaissance Art Slavery in the Renaissance Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527) Charles VIII’s March through Italy Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family Pope Julius II Niccolò Machiavelli Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe France Spain England The Holy Roman Empire The Northern Renaissance The Printing Press Erasmus Humanism and Reform Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East The Portuguese Chart the Course The Spanish Voyages of Columbus The Spanish Empire in the New World The Church in Spanish America The Economy of Exploitation The Impact on Europe CHAPTER 11 The Age of Reformation Society and Religion Social and Political Conflict Popular Religious Movements and Criticisms of the Church Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 Justification by Faith Alone The Attack on Indulgences Election of Charles V Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms Imperial Distractions: France and the Turks How the Reformation Spread The Peasants’ Revolt The Reformation Elsewhere Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation Anabaptists and Radical Protestants John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation The Diet of Augsburg The Expansion _of the Reformation Reaction against Protestants The Peace of Augsburg The English Reformation to 1553 The Preconditions of Reform The King’s Affair The “Reform Parliament” Wives of Henry VIII The King’s Religious Conservatism The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation Sources of Catholic Reform Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits The Council of Trent (1545-1563) The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe The Revolution in Religion: Practices and Institutions The Reformation and Education The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women Family Life in Early Modern Europe Later Marriages Arranged Marriages Family Size Birth Control Wet Nursing Loving Families? Literary Imagination in Transition Miguel De Cervantes Saaavedra: Rejection of Idealism William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age CHAPTER 12 The Age of Religious Wars Renewed Religious Struggle The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Appeal of Calvinism Catherine de Medicis and the Guises The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre The Edict of Nantes Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598) Pillars of Spanish Power The Revolt in the Netherlands England and Spain (1553–1603) Mary I (r. 1553–1558) Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) Preconditions for War Four Periods of War The Treaty of Westphalia CHAPTER 13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline Urban Prosperity Economic Decline Two Models of European Political Development Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England James I Charles I The Long Parliament and Civil War Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy The “Glorious Revolution” The Age of Walpole Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV Years of Personal Rule Versailles King by Divine Right Louis’s Early Wars Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies Louis’s Later Wars France after Louis XIV Central and Eastern Europe Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority The Habsburg Empire _and the Pragmatic Sanction Prussia and the Hohenzollerns Russia Enters the European Political Arena The Romanor Dynasty Peter the Great The Ottoman Empire Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government The End of Ottoman Expansion CHAPTER 14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries The Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Discoveries Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws Isaac Newton Discovers _the Laws of Gravitation Philosophy Responds to Changing Science Nature as Mechanism Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution The New Science and Religious Faith The Case of Galileo Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith The English Approach to Science and Religion Continuing Superstition Witch-Hunts and Panic Who Were the Witches? End of the Witch-Hunts CHAPTER 15 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century Major Features of Life in the Old Regime Maintenance of Tradition Hierarchy and Privilege The Aristocracy Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege Aristocratic Resurgence The Land and Its Tillers Peasants and Serfs Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: the English Game Laws Family Structures and the Family Economy Households The Family Economy Women and the Family Economy Children and the World of the Family Economy The Revolution in Agriculture New Crops and New Methods Expansion of the Population The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century A Revolution in Consumption Industrial Leadership of Great Britain New Methods of Textile Production The Steam Engine Iron Production The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women The Growth of Cities Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization Urban Classes The Urban Riot CHAPTER 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion Periods of European Overseas Empires Mercantile Empires Mercantilist Goals French–British Rivalry The Spanish Colonial System Colonial Government Trade Regulation Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy The African Presence in the Americas Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy The Experience of Slavery Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars The War of Jenkins’s Ear The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) The American Revolution and Europe Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue The Crisis and Independence American Political Ideas Events in Great Britain Broader Impact of the American Revolution THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, DISEASE, ANIMALS, AND AGRICULTURE PART 4: ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION CHAPTER 17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought Formative Influences on the Enlightenment Ideas of Newton and Locke The Example of British Toleration and Political Stability The Emergence of a Print Culture The Philosophes Voltaire—First among the Philosophes The Enlightenment and Religion Deism Toleration Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment Islam in Enlightenment Thought The Enlightenment and Society The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress Political Thought of the Philosophes Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society Enlightened Critics of European Empires Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art Enlightened Absolutism Frederick the Great of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine the Great of Russia The Partition of Poland The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe CHAPTER 18 The French Revolution The Crisis of the French Monarchy The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General The Revolution of 1789 The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly Fall of the Bastille The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles The Reconstruction of France Political Reorganization Economic Policy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy Counterrevolutionary Activity The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution Emergence of the Jacobins The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes Europe at War with the Revolution Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution Suppression of Reform in Britain The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795 The Reign of Terror War with Europe The Republic Defended The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s Justification of Terror Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women De-Christianization Revolutionary Tribunals The End of the Terror The Thermidorian Reaction Establishment of the Directory Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life CHAPTER 19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Early Military Victories The Constitution of the Year VIII The Consulate in France (1799–1804) Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church The Napoleonic Code Establishing a Dynasty Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814) Conquering an Empire The Continental System European Response to the Empire German Nationalism and Prussian Reform The Wars of Liberation The Invasion of Russia European Coalition The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement Territorial Adjustments The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance The Romantic Movement Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason Rousseau and Education Kant and Reason Romantic Literature The English Romantic Writers The German Romantic Writers Romantic Art The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism Nature and the Sublime Religion in the Romantic Period Methodism New Directions in Continental Religion Romantic Views of Nationalism and History Herder and Culture Hegel and History Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism In Perspective A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon CHAPTER 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815—1832) The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism The Emergence of Nationalism Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order Conservative Outlooks Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies Postwar Repression in Great Britain Bourbon Restoration in France The Conservative International Order The Congress System The Spanish Revolution of 1820 Revolt against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans The Wars of Independence in Latin America Revolution in Haiti Wars of Independence on the South American Continent Independence in New Spain Brazilian Independence The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe Russia: the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 Revolution in France (1830) Belgium Becomes Independent (1830) The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) CHAPTER 21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850) Toward an Industrial Society Population and Migration Railways The Labor Force The Emergence of a Wage Labor Force Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution The Family in the Early Factory System Women in the Early Industrial Revolution Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage Problems of Crime and Order New Police Forces Prison Reform Classical Economics Malthus on Population Ricardo on Wages Government Policies Based on Classical Economics Early Socialism Utopian Socialism Anarchism Marxism 1848: Year of Revolutions France: the Second Republic and Louis Napoleon The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted Italy: Republicanism Defeated Germany: Liberalism Frustrated THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY PART 5: TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD CHAPTER 22 The Age of Nation-States The Crimean War (1853—1856) Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results Reforms in the Ottoman Empire Italian Unification Romantic Republicans Cavour’s Policy The New Italian State German Unification Bismarck The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870—1871) France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic The Paris Commune The Third Republic The Dreyfus Affair The Habsburg Empire Formation of the Dual Monarchy Unrest of Nationalities Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings Reforms of Alexander II Revolutionaries Great Britain: Toward Democracy The Second Reform Act (1867) Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868—1874) Disraeli in Office (1874—1880) The Irish Question CHAPTER 23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World WarI Population Trends and Migration The Second Industrial Revolution New Industries Economic Difficulties The Middle Classes in Ascendancy Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life The Redesign of Cities Urban Sanitation Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences Women’s Social Disabilities New Employment Patterns for Women Working-Class Women Poverty and Prostitution Women of the Middle Class The Rise of Political Feminism Jewish Emancipation Differing Degrees of Citizenship Broadened Opportunities Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism Democracy and Political Parties Karl Marx and the First International Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs France: “Opportunism” Rejected Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism CHAPTER 24 The Birth of Modern European Thought The New Reading Public Advances in Primary Education Reading Material for the Mass Audience Science at Mid-century Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Science and Ethics Christianity and the Church under Siege Intellectual Skepticism Conflict between Church and State Areas of Religious Revival The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind Science: The Revolution in Physics Literature: Realism and Naturalism Modernism in Literature The Coming of Modern Art Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason The Birth of Psychoanalysis Retreat from Rationalism in Politics Racism Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism Women and Modern Thought Anti-feminism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Thought New Directions in Feminism CHAPTER 25 The Age of Western Imperialism The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization The Age of British Imperial Dominance The Imperialism of Free Trade British Settler Colonies India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire The “New Imperialism,” 1870-1914 Motives for the New Imperialism The Partition of Africa Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya Egypt and British Strategic Concern about the Upper Nile West Africa The Belgian Congo German Empire in Africa Southern Africa Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia Western Powers in Asia France in Asia The United States Actions in Asia and the Pacific The Boxer Rebellion Tools of Imperialism Steamboats Conquest of Tropical Diseases Firearms The Missionary Factor Evangelical Protestant Missionaries Roman Catholic Missionary Advance Tensions between Missionaries and Imperial Administrators Missionaries and Indigenous Religious Movements Science and Imperialism Botany Zoology Medicine Anthropology THE WEST AND THE WORLD: IMPERIALISM: ANCIENT AND MODERN CHAPTER 26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890) Bismarck’s Leadership Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907) World War I The Road to War (1908–1914) Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June–August 1914) Strategies and Stalemate; 1914–1917 The Russian Revolution The Provisional Government Lenin and the Bolsheviks The Communist Dictatorship The End of World War I Germany’s Last Offensive The Armistice The End of the Ottoman Empire The Settlement at Paris Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced The Peace World War I and Colonial Empires Evaluating the Peace CHAPTER 27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement Toward the Great Depression in Europe Financial Tailspin Problems in Agricultural Commodities Depression and Government Policy in Britain and France The Soviet Experiment War Communism The New Economic Policy The Third International Stalin versus Trotsky The Decision for Rapid Industrialization The Collectivization of Agriculture The Purges The Fascist Experiment in Italy The Rise of Mussolini The Fascists in Power German Democracy and Dictatorship The Weimar Republic Depression and Political Deadlock Hitler Comes to Power Hitler’s Consolidation of Power Anti-Semitism and the Police State Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women Nazi Economic Policy Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe Economic and Ethnic Pressures Poland: Democracy to Military Rule Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment Hungary: Turmoil and Authoritarianism Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships PART 6: GLOBAL CONFLICT, COLD WAR, AND NEW DIRECTIONS CHAPTER 28 World War II Again the Road to War (1933–1939) Hitler’s goals Italy Attacks Ethiopia Remilitarization of the Rhineland The Spanish Civil War Austria and Czechoslovakia Munich The Nazi-Soviet Pact World War II (1939–1945) The German Conquest of Europe The Battle of Britain The German Attack on Russia Hitler’s Plans for Europe Japan and the United States Enter the War The Defeat of Nazi Germany The Tide Turns Fall of the Japanese Empire The Cost of War Racism and the Holocaust The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland Explanations of the Holocaust The Domestic Fronts Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance Great Britain: Organization for Victory The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” Preparations for Peace The Atlantic Charter Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front Yalta Potsdam CHAPTER 29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe The Emergence of the Cold War Containment in American Foreign Policy Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe The Postwar Division of Germany NATO and the Warsaw Pact The Creation of the State of Israel The Korean War The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union Khruschev’s Domestic Policies The Three Crises of 1956 Later Cold War Confrontations The Berlin Wall The Cuban Missile Crisis The Brezhnev Era 1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia The U.S. and Détente The Invasion of Afghanistan Communism and Solidarity in Poland Relations with the Reagan Administration Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal India Further British Retreat from Empire The Turmoil of French Decolonization France and Algeria France and Vietnam Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War Direct United States. Involvement The Collapse of European Communism Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union 1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe The Collapse of the Soviet Union The Yelstsin Decade The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War Putin and the Resurgence of Russia The Rise of Radical Political Islamism Arab Nationalism The Iranian Revolution Afghanistan and Radical Islamism A Transformed West CHAPTER 30 The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples Displacement through War External and Internal Migration The New Muslim Population European Population Trends Toward a Welfare State Society Christian Democratic Parties The Creation of Welfare States Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women Feminism More Married Women in the Workforce New Work Patterns Women in the New Eastern Europe Transformations in Knowledge and Culture Communism and Western Europe Existentialism Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion The Americanization of Europe A Consumer Society Environmentalism Art Since World War II Cultural Divisions and the Cold War Memory of the Holocaust The Christian Heritage Neo-Orthodoxy Liberal Theology Roman Catholic Reform Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer The Demand for Calculating Machines Early Computer Technology The Development of Desktop Computers The Challenges of European Unification Postwar Cooperation The European Economic Community The European Union Discord over the Union THE WEST AND THE WORLD: ENERGY AND THE MODERN WORLD Table of Contents
Compare & Connect: The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age
Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food
Get Exam Copy for The Western Heritage (All volumes), 10th Edition by Donald M. Kagan, Yale University Steven Ozment, Harvard University Frank M. Turner, Yale University
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