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PART 1 PLANNING, DRAFTING, AND REVISING 1 Think as a Writer 1a Think about the process of communication 1b Think about how to persuade others 1c Think about your audience 1d Think about your credibility 1e Think about your purpose 2 Plan and Draft 2a Think about the expectations of college readers 2b Establish your goals 2c Explore your topic 2d Write a working thesis 2e Plan a strategy 2f Compose a draft 2g Write as a member of a team 3 Compose Paragraphs 3a Focus your paragraphs 3b Organize your paragraphs 3c Make your paragraphs coherent 3d Consider paragraph length 3e Link across paragraphs 3f Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs 4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread 4a Switch from writer to reader 4b Learn strategies for rewriting 4c Respond to other writers’ drafts 4d Edit for particular goals 4e Proofread carefully 4f Learn to edit the writing of others PART 2 WRITING FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES 5 Read and View with a Critical Eye 5a Become a critical reader 5b Read actively 5c Recognize verbal fallacies 5d Become a critical viewer 5e Recognize visual fallacies 6 Write to Analyze 6a Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis 6b Analyze the context and the text 6c Organize and write a rhetorical analysis 6d Sample rhetorical analysis 6e Analyze images and other visual texts 7 Write to Reflect 7a Find a reflective topic 7b Identify a focus 7c Organize and write a reflection 7d Sample reflective essay 8 Write to Inform 8a Find an informative topic 8b Narrow your topic and write a thesis 8c Organize and write an informative essay 8d Sample informative essay 9 Write Arguments 9a Position arguments and proposal arguments 9b Find an arguable topic 9c Make an arguable claim 9d Organize and write a position argument 9e Sample position argument 9f Organize and write a proposal argument 9g Sample proposal arguments PART 3 WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES 10 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines 10a Become an academic writer 10b What counts as evidence in the disciplines? 11 Write in Specific Genres 11a Write an essay examination 11b Write an observation 11c Write a case study 11d Write a lab report in the sciences 11e Write a letter of application 11f Write a résumé 12 Write about Literature 12a Become a critical reader of literature 12b Develop an interpretation 12c Write a literary analysis 12d Sample literary analysis PART 4 DESIGNING AND PRESENTING 13 Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics 13a Write in multimedia 13b Think about verbal and visual relationships 13c Know where images and graphics work best 13d Know where words work best 14 Design for Print and the Screen 14a Start with your readers 14b Design pages 14c Choose type 14d Compose images 14e Edit images 14f Create tables, charts, and graphs 14g Design a Web site 15 Design Presentations 15a Plan a presentation 15b Design visuals for a presentation 15c Deliver an effective presentation PART 5 RESEARCHING 16 Plan Your Research 16a Analyze the research task 16b Find a topic 16c Determine what kind of research you need 16d Draft a working thesis 16e Start a working bibliography 17 Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases 17a Know the strengths of database sources 17b Find information in databases 17c Construct effective database searches 17d Evaluate database sources 17e Locate elements of a citation in database sources 18 Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web 18a Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources 18b Find reliable Web sources 18c Construct effective Web searches 18d Find visual sources online 18e Evaluate Web sources 18f Locate elements of a citation in Web sources 19 Find and Evaluate Print Sources 19a Know the strengths of print sources 19b Find books 19c Find journal articles 19d Evaluate print sources 19e Locate elements of a citation in print sources 20 Plan Field Research 20a Know what you can obtain from field research 20b Conduct interviews 20c Administer surveys 20d Make observations 21 Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism 21a Understand the purposes of sources 21b Incorporate sources 21c Avoid plagiarism 21d Quote sources without plagiarizing 21e Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing 22 Write and Revise the Research Project 22a Revisit your research 22b Plan your organization 22c Write a draft 22d Select and introduce quotations 22e Review your draft 22f Revise, revise, revise PART 6 DOCUMENTING Five Steps for Documenting Sources 1 Which documentation style do I use? 2 What kind of source am I using? 3 When do I cite sources? 4 How do I cite a source in my paper? 5 How do I cite sources at the end of my paper? 23 MLA Documentation 23a In-text citations in MLA style 23b Books in MLA-style works cited 23c Journals and magazines 23d Newspapers 23e Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters 23f Library database publications 23g Online publications 23h CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources 23i Visual sources 23j Multimedia sources 23k Informational notes 23l Sample research paper with MLA documentation 24 APA Documentation 24a In-text citations in APA style 24b Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list 24c Periodical sources 24d Online sources 24e Visual, computer, and multimedia sources 24f Sample paper with APA documentation 25 CMS Documentation 25a Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations 25b Periodical sources 25c Online and computer sources 25d Multimedia sources 25e Sample pages with CMS documentation 26 CSE Documentation 26a In-text citations in CSE style 26b Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references 26c Periodical sources 26d Online sources 26e Sample pages with CSE documentation PART 7 EFFECTIVE STYLE AND LANGUAGE 27 Write with Power 27a Pay attention to verbs 27b Stay active 27c Find agents 27d Vary your sentences 27e Give your writing personality 28 Write Concisely 28a Eliminate unnecessary words 28b Reduce wordy phrases 28c Simplify tangled sentences 29 Write with Emphasis 29a Manage emphasis in sentences 29b Forge links across sentences 29c Use parallel structure with parallel ideas 29d Use parallel structure with lists 29e Use parallel structure in paragraphs 30 Find the Right Words 30a Be aware of levels of formality 30b Be aware of denotation and connotation 30c Use specific language 30d Use effective figurative language 31 Write to Be Inclusive 31a Be aware of stereotypes 31b Be inclusive about gender 31c Be inclusive about race and ethnicity 31d Be inclusive about other differences 31e Recognize international varieties of English PART 8 UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR 32 Grammar Basics 32a Sentence basics 32b Word classes 32c Clauses 32d Phrases 32e Sentence types 33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices 33a Fragments 33b Run-on sentences 33c Comma splices 34 Subject-Verb Agreement 34a Agreement in the present tense 34b Singular and plural subjects 34c Indefinite pronouns as subjects 34d Collective nouns as subjects 34e Inverted word order 34f Amounts, numbers, and pairs 35 Verbs 35a Basic verb forms 35b Irregular verbs 35c Transitive and intransitive verbs 35d Shifts in tense 35e Shifts in mood 36 Pronouns 36a Pronoun case 36b Pronoun agreement 36c Problems with pronouns and gender 36d Vague reference 37 Modifiers 37a Choose the correct modifier 37b Place adjectives carefully 37c Place adverbs carefully 37d Revise disruptive modifiers 37e Revise dangling modifiers PART 9 UNDERSTANDING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS 38 Commas 38a Commas with introductory elements 38b Commas with compound clauses 38c Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers 38d Commas with items in a series 38e Commas with coordinate adjectives 38f Commas with quotations 38g Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses 38h Commas to avoid confusion 38i Unnecessary commas 39 Semicolons and Colons 39a Semicolons with closely related main clauses 39b Semicolons together with commas 39c Colons in sentences 39d Colons with lists 40 Hyphens 40a Hyphens with compound modifiers 40b Hyphens with compound nouns 40c Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines 40d Hyphens for clarity 41 Dashes and Parentheses 41a Dashes and parentheses versus commas 41b Dashes and parentheses to set off information 41c Other punctuation with parentheses 41d Other punctuation with dashes 42 Apostrophes 42a Possessives 42b Contractions and omitted letters 42c Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words 43 Quotation Marks 43a Direct quotations 43b Titles of short works 43c Other uses of quotation marks 43d Misuses of quotation marks 43e Other punctuation with quotation marks 44 Other Punctuation Marks 44a Periods 44b Question marks 44c Exclamation points 44d Brackets 44e Ellipses 44f Slashes 45 Write with Accurate Spelling 45a Know the limitations of spelling checkers 45b Distinguish homonyms 46 Capitalization and Italics 46a Capital letters 46b Italics 47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers 47a Abbreviations 47b Acronyms 47c Numbers PART 10 IF ENGLISH IS NOT YOUR FIRST LANGUAGE 48 Write in a Second Language 48a Understand the demands of writing in a second language 48b Use your native language as a resource 48c Use dictionaries 48d Understand English idioms 49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions 49a Kinds of nouns 49b Count and noncount nouns 49c Singular and plural forms 49d Articles 49e Prepositions 50 Verbs 50a Types of verbs 50b Be verbs 50c Modal auxiliary verbs 50d Verbs and infinitives 50e Verbs and -ing verbals 50f Conditional sentences 50g Participial adjectives 50h Phrasal verbs 51 English Sentence Structure 51a Subjects 51b English word order 51c Placement of modifiers 51d Adjectives with prepositions Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage Index Table of Contents
Get Brief Penguin Handbook, The, 3rd Edition by Lester Faigley, University of Texas at Austin
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