Table of Contents
Additional Primary Souces are listed at the end of this Table of Contents.
1. New World Encounters.
Clash of Cultures: The Meaning of Murder in Early Maryland.
Native American Histories Before Conquest.
A World Transformed.
West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies.
Europe on the Eve of Conquest.
Imagining a New World.
The French Claim Canada.
The English Enter the Competition.
Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement.
An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke.
Conclusion: Marketing Dreams.
Feature Essay: The Columbian Exchange: Ecological Revolution.
2. Conflicting Visions: Seventeenth-Century Colonies.
Profit and Piety: Competing Blueprints for English Settlement.
Breaking Away.
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth.
Reforming England in America.
Diversity in the Middle Colonies.
Quakers in America.
Planting the Carolinas.
The Founding of Georgia.
Conclusion: Living with Diversity.
Feature Essay: Capital Punishment in Early America: A Kind of Moral Theater?
3. Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society.
Families in an Atlantic Empire.
Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century.
Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment.
Race and Freedom in British America.
Rise of a Commercial Empire.
Colonial Factions Spark Revolt, 1676-1691.
Conclusion: Local Aspirations Within an Atlantic Empire.
Feature Essay: Anthony Johnson: A Free Black Planter on Pungoteague Creek.
Law and Society: Witches and the Law: A Problem of Evidence in 1692.
4. Frontiers of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America.
Constructing an Anglo-American Identity: The Journal of William Byrd.
Growth and Diversity.
Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century.
The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture.
Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies.
Clash of Political Cultures.
Century of Imperial War.
Conclusion: Rule Britannia?
Feature Essay:Learning to Live with Diversity in the Eighteenth Century: What Is an American?
5. The American Revolution: From Gentry Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783.
Rethinking the Meaning of Equality.
Structure of Colonial Society.
Eroding the Bonds of Empire.
Steps Toward Independence.
Fighting for Independence.
The Loyalist Dilemma.
Winning the Peace.
Conclusion: Preserving Independence.
Feature Essay: Popular Resistance: Religion and Rebellion.
6. The Republican Experiment.
A New Moral Order.
Defining Republican Culture.
Living in the Shadow of Revolution.
The States: Experiments in Republicanism.
Stumbling Toward a New National Government.
Strengthening Federal Authority.
“Have We Fought for This?”
Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification.
Conclusion: Success Depends on the People.
Feature Essay: The Elusive Constitution: Search for Original Intent.
Law and Society: The Strange Ordeal of Quok Walker: Slavery on Trial in Revolutionary Massachusetts.
7. Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800.
Partisan Passions and Public Opinion.
Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government.
Conflicting Visions: Jefferson and Hamilton.
Hamilton's Plan for Prosperity and Security.
Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs.
Popular Political Culture.
The Adams Presidency.
The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800.
Conclusion: Danger of Political Extremism.
Feature Essay: Defense of Superiority: Science in the Service of Nationalism in the Early Republic.
8. Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision.
Limits of Equality.
Regional Identities in a New Republic.
Jefferson as President.
Jefferson's Critics.
Embarrassments Overseas.
The Strange War of 1812.
Conclusion: Republican Legacy.
Feature Essay: Barbary Pirates and American Captives: The Nation's First Hostage Crisis.
9. Nation Building and Nationalism.
A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824.
Expansion and Migration.
A Revolution in Transportation.
Emergence of a Market Economy.
The Politics of Nation Building after the War of 1812.
Conclusion: Adams and the End of the Era of Good Feeling.
Feature Essay: Confronting the Land.
10. The Triumph of White Men's Democracy.
Democratic Space: The New Hotels.
Democracy in Theory and Practice.
Jackson and the Politics of Democracy.
The Bank War and the Second Party System.
Heyday of the Second Party System.
Conclusion: Tocqueville's Wisdom.
Feature Essay: Grass Roots Democracy in Michigan.
11. Slaves and Masters.
Nat Turner's Rebellion: A Turning Point in the Slave South.
The Divided Society of the Old South.
The World of Southern Blacks.
White Society in the Antebellum South.
Slavery and the Southern Economy.
Conclusion: Worlds in Conflict.
Feature Essay: Harriet Jacobs and Maria Norcom: Women of Southern Households.
12. The Pursuit of Perfection.
Redeeming the Middle Class.
The Rise of Evangelicalism.
Domesticity and Changes in the American Family.
Institutional Reform.
Reform Turns Radical.
Conclusion: Counterpoint on Reform.
Feature Essay: Spiritualism: Religion or Entertainment?
Law and Society.
The Legal Rights of Married Women: Reforming the Law of Coverture.
13. An Age of Expansionism.
The Spirit of Young America.
Movement to the Far West.
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War.
Internal Expansionism.
Conclusion: The Costs of Expansion.
Feature Essay: Hispanic America After 1848: A Case Study in Majority Rule.
14. The Sectional Crisis.
The Brooks-Sumner Brawl in Congress.
The Compromise of 1850.
Political Upheaval, 1852-1856.
The House Divided, 1857-1860.
Conclusion: Explaining the Crisis.
Feature Essay: The Enigma of John Brown.
Law and Society.
The Case of Dred and Harriet Scott: Blurring the Borders of Politics and Justice.
15. Secession and the Civil War.
The Emergence of Lincoln.
The Storm Gathers.
Adjusting to Total War.
Fight to the Finish.
Conclusion: An Organizational Revolution.
Feature Essay: Soldiering in the Civil War.
16. The Agony of Reconstruction.
Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction.
The President Versus Congress.
Reconstructing Southern Society.
Retreat from Reconstruction.
Reunion and the New South.
Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfinished Revolution.”
Feature Essay: Changing Views of Reconstruction.
17. The West: Exploiting an Empire.
Lean Bear's Changing West.
Beyond the Frontier.
Crushing the Native Americans.
Settlement of the West.
The Bonanza West.
Conclusion: The Meaning of the West.
Feature Essay: Blacks in Blue: The Buffalo Soldiers in the West.
18. The Industrial Society.
A Machine Culture.
Industrial Development.
An Empire on Rails.
An Industrial Empire.
The Sellers.
The Wage Earners.
Conclusion: Industrialization's Benefits and Costs.
Feature Essay: Chicago's “Second Nature.”
19. Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900.
The Overcrowded City.
The Lure of the City.
Social and Cultural Change, 1877-1900.
The Stirrings of Reform.
Conclusion: A Pluralistic Society.
Feature Essay: Ellis Island: Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears.
Law and Society: Plessy v. Ferguson: The Shaping of Jim Crow.
20. Political Realignments in the 1890s.
Hardship and Heartache.
Politics of Stalemate.
Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress.
The Rise of the Populist Movement.
The Crisis of the Depression.
Changing Attitudes.
The Presidential Election of 1896.
The McKinley Administration.
Conclusion: A Decade's Dramatic Changes.
Feature Essay: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
21. Toward Empire.
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders.
America Looks Outward.
War with Spain.
Acquisition of Empire.
Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain.
Feature Essay: Americans by the Numbers: The 1890 Census.
22. The Progressive Era.
Muckrakers' Call for Reform.
The Changing Face of Industrialism.
Society's Masses.
Conflict in the Workplace.
A New Urban Culture.
Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform.
Feature Essay: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement.
23. From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism.
The Republicans Split.
The Spirit of Progressivism.
Reform in the Cities and States.
The Republican Roosevelt.
Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height.
The Ordeal of William Howard Taft.
Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom.
Conclusion: The Fruits of Progressivism.
Feature Essay: Madam C.J. Walker.
Law and Society: Muller v. Oregon: Expanding the Definition of Acceptable Evidence.
24. The Nation at War.
The Sinking of the Lusitania.
A New World Power.
Foreign Policy Under Wilson.
Toward War.
Over There.
Over Here.
The Treaty of Versailles.
Conclusion: Post-War Disillusionment.
Feature Essay: Measuring the Mind.
25. Transition to Modern America.
Wheels for the Millions.
The Second Industrial Revolution.
City Life in the Jazz Age.
The Rural Counterattack.
Politics of the 1920s.
Conclusion: The Old and the New.
Feature Essay: Marcus Garvey: Racial Redemption and Black Nationalism.
Law and Society: The Scopes “Monkey” Trial: Contesting Cultural Differences.
26. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal.
The Struggle Against Despair.
The Great Crash.
Fighting the Depression.
Roosevelt and Reform.
Impact of the New Deal.
End of the New Deal.
Conclusion: The Impact of the New Deal.
Feature Essay: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Quest for Social Justice.
27. America and the World, 1921-1945.
A Pact Without Power.
Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry.
Isolationism.
The Road to War.
Turning the Tide Against the Axis.
The Home Front.
Victory.
Feature Essay: The Face of the Holocaust.
28. The Onset of the Cold War.
The Potsdam Summit.
The Cold War Begins.
Containment.
The Cold War Expands.
The Cold War at Home.
Eisenhower Wages the Cold War.
Conclusion: The Continuing Cold War.
Feature Essay: The “Lost Sheep” of the Korean War.
29. Affluence and Anxiety.
Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs.
The Postwar Boom.
The Good Life?
Farewell to Reform.
The Struggle over Civil Rights.
Conclusion: Restoring National Confidence.
Feature Essay: Rise of a New Idiom in Modern Painting: Abstract Expressionism.
30. The Turbulent Sixties.
Kennedy v. Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate.
Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War.
The New Frontier at Home.
“Let Us Continue.”
Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War.
Years of Turmoil.
The Return of Richard Nixon.
Conclusion: The End of an Era.
Feature Essay: Unintended Consequences: The Second Great Migration.
31. A Crisis in Confidence, 1969-1980.
The Watergate Break-in.
Nixon in Power.
The Crisis of Democracy.
Energy and the Economy.
Private Lives—Public Issues.
Politics After Watergate.
From Détente to Renewed Cold War.
Conclusion: A Failed Presidency.
Feature Essay: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl: The Promise and Peril of Nuclear Power.
Law and Society: Roe v. Wade: The Struggle Over Women's Reproductive Rights.
32. The Republican Resurgence, 1980-1992.
Reagan and the Rise of Conservatism.
Reagan in Power.
Reaganomics.
Reagan and the World.
Social Dilemmas.
Passing the Torch to Bush.
Conclusion: Republican Economic Woes.
Feature Essay: The Christian Right.
Law and Society: Bakke v. Regents of the University of California: The Question of Affirmative Action
33. America in Flux.
The Buck Starts Here.
The Changing American Population.
Democratic Revival.
Clinton and the World.
The End of the Century.
The New Millennium.
Conclusion: The American Century?
Feature Essay: The Dot.com Boom and Bust.
Appendix A-1.
The Declaration of Independence A-3.
The Articles of Confederation A-5.
The Constitution of the United States of America A-9.
Amendments to the Constitution A-14.
Presidential Elections A-18.
Primary Source Documents
1.1 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, "Indians of the Rio Grande" (1528-1536).
1.2 Dekanawida Myth & the Achievement of Iroquois Unity (ca 1500s).
2.1 Captain John Smith, President in Virginia, to the Treasurer and Council of the Virginia Company, from Smith's The Generall Historie of Virginia (1624).
2.2 John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity" (1630).
3.1 Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788).
3.2 Gottlieb Mittelberger, On The Misfortune of Indentured Servants (1754).
4.1 Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur, excerpt, Letters from an American Farmer (1782).
4.2 Virginia Law on Indentured Servitude (1705).
5.1 Boston Gazette, Description of the Boston Massacre (1770).
5.2 Slave Petition to the General Assembly in Connecticut (1779).
6.1 Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (1787).
6.2 Patrick Henry Speaks Against Ratification of the Constitution (1788).
7.1 George Washington, Sixth Annual Address to Congress (1794).
7.2 The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798).
8.1 Opinion of the Supreme Court for Marbury v. Madison (1803).
8.2 President Jefferson’s Confidential Message to Congress (1803).
9.1 Henry Clay, "Defense of the American System" (1832).
9.2 Black Hawk, Excerpt from “The Life of Black Hawk” (1833).
10.1 Female Industry Association, from the New York Herald (1825).
10.2 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Concord Hymn” (1837).
11.1 Slave Narrative, “The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, Related by Herself” (1831).
11.2 De Bow’s Review, “The Stability of the Union” (1850).
12.1 Mathew Carey, “Rules for Husbands and Wives,” (1830).
12.2 National Convention of Colored People, Report on Abolition (1847).
13.1 Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of the Underground Railroad in the 1850s.
13.2 Horace Greeley, “An Overland Journey” (1860).
14.1 Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech (1852).
14.2 George Fitzhugh, Slavery Justified (1849).
15.1 Letter from H. Ford Douglas to Frederick Douglass’s Monthly (January 8, 1863).
15.2 Clara Barton, Memoirs of Medical Life at the Battlefield (1862).
16.1 Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South (1865).
16.2 Jourdon Anderson to His Former Master (1865).
17.1 Accounts of the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890s).
17.2 Joseph G. McCoy, Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest (1874).
18.1 Mother Jones, “The March of the Mill Children” (1903).
18.2 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).
19.1 Autobiographical Narrative by Zitkala-Sa on Her First Days at Boarding School in Indiana (1900).
19.2 Richard K. Fox, from Coney Island Frolics (1883).
20.1 Suit by the United States against the Workingman’s Amalgamated Council of New Orleans (1893).
20.2 Mary Elizabeth Lease, from Populist Crusader (1892).
21.1 Ernest Howard Crosby, “The Real ‘White Man’s Burden’,” (1899).
21.2 Extract from “Our Poorer Brother,” by Theodore Roosevelt (1897).
22.1 Events in Paris, Texas from Ida B. Wells, A Red Record (1895).
22.2 Adna Weber, “The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century” (1899).
23.1 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “If I Were a Man” (1914).
23.2 Report of the Vice Commission, Louisville, Kentucky (1915).
24.1 Eugene Kennedy, A ‘Doughboy’ Describes the Fighting Front (1918).
24.2 Rev. F. J. Grimke, Address to African American Soldiers Returning from War (1919).
25.1 Edward Earle Purinton, “Big Ideas from Big Business” (1921).
25.2 John F. Carter, “‘These Wild Young People’ by One of Them” (1920).
26.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address (1932).
26.2 Huey Long, “Share Our Wealth” (1935).
27.1 Franklin D. Roosevelt, “The Four Freedoms” (1941).
27.2 Charles Lindbergh, Radio Address (1941).
28.1 Ronald Reagan, Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1947).
28.2 President Harry S. Truman's Address before a Joint Session of Congress (March 12, 1947).
29.1 Executive Order 9981 (1948).
29.2 Ladies’ Home Journal, "Young Mother" (1956).
30.1 John Lewis, Address at the March on Washington (1963).
30.2 Shirley Chisholm, “Equal Rights for Women” (May 21, 1969).
31.1 House Judiciary Committee’s Conclusion on Impeachment (1974).
31.2 President Jimmy Carter, The “Crisis of Confidence” Speech (1979).
32.1 President Ronald Reagan, Address to the National Association of Evangelicals (1983).
32.2 Patricia Morrisroe, “Yuppies — The New Class” (1985).
33.1 President Bill Clinton's First Inaugural Address (1993).
33.2 The Balkan Proximity Peace Talks Agreement (1995).
Glossary G-1.
Credits C-1.
Index I-1.
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